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Biology year 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a polymer

A

A large molecule made up of many smaller ones called monomers

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2
Q

What reaction joins together monomers

A

Condensation

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3
Q

What happens in condensation

A

One molecule of water is eliminated

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4
Q

What is the reaction separates monomers

A

Hydrolysis

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5
Q

What happens to a water molecule in hydrolysis

A

Water is added

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6
Q

What are monosaccharides also known as

A

Reducing sugars

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7
Q

Name 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose/fructose/galactose

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8
Q

Name 3 pairs of disaccharides

A

Glucose+glucose=fructose
Glucose+fructose=sucrose
Glucose+lactose=galactose

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9
Q

Give an example of aglucose polymers

A

Starch and glycogen

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10
Q

Give an example of b glucose polymers

A

Cellulose

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11
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Used by plants for making cell walls

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12
Q

What are starch and glycogen used for?

A

Energy storage in starch

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13
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

The name for the covelent bonds between mono/di/polysaccharide

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14
Q

What are the 2 tests for carbohydrates

A

Bededicts solution

Iodine in potassium iodide gas

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15
Q

What happens in the Bededicts test?

A

Goes from blue to bricked when heated with reducing sugars

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16
Q

What happens in the iodine in potassium iodide test?

A

Gas goes from orange to blue when starch is present

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17
Q

What are the 2 groups of lipids?

A

Triglycerides

Phospholipid

18
Q

What are triglycerides used for

A

Energy storage, thermal, electrical insulation and waterproofing due to oils and waxes

19
Q

How are triglycerides formed

A

Condensation of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

20
Q

How many bonds do unsaturated fats have

A

Double bond

21
Q

How many bonds do saturated fats have

A

No carbon carbon bonds

22
Q

Where are fatty acids found

A

Cell membranes

23
Q

What is the head of a phospholipid

A

Polar hydrophilic

24
Q

What is the tail of the phospholipid

A

Hydrophobic fatty acid non polar

25
Q

What do phospholipids make in water

A

Lipid bilayer which makes them suitable for cell membranes

26
Q

What is the test for lipids

A

The emulsion test

27
Q

What is the emulsion test

A

A sample is shaken with ethanol allowed to settle and the liquid part poured into water. If a lipid is present there will be a milky emulsion,if not the liquid we
I’ll remain clear

28
Q

What is a primary structure

A

It’s a sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide and the location of any disulphides bonds

29
Q

What’s the secondary structure

A

It describes the folding pattern within a protein e.g the alpha helix is common where part of the polypeptide forms helix

30
Q

What is a tertiary structure

A

Describes the overall 3D shape of how the whole molecule is folded

31
Q

What is the quaternary structure

A

Occurs where there is more than one polypeptide in the structure of the protein

32
Q

Name 3 examples of proteins

A

Hormone/collagen/enzymes

33
Q

What is the test for proteins

A

The biuret test

34
Q

What happens in the biuret test?

A

Biuret reagent is added to the sample and will turn from pale blue to purple if the protein is present

35
Q

What’s an enzyme

A

A special class of pr opens that act as a biological catalyst and increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy. They have a complex tertiary structure which gives them an active site

36
Q

What happens when a substrate binds to the active site

A

The shape of the active site alters to make the substrate fit perfectly this is induced fit

37
Q

How do intracellular cells work

A

Inside cells and include those that catalyse respiration

38
Q

How do extracellular cells work

A

Such as digestive enzymes in the gut work outside the cells

39
Q

What are enzyme inhibitors?

A

Substances which bind the enzymes and reduce their rate of reaction

40
Q

What does a competitive inhibitor do?

A

A very similar stuructre to the substrate and competes for the active sit. This type of inhibitor binds only temporarily n the active site

41
Q

What is a non competitive inhibitor

A

This binds perminalty not usually at the active site but it still causes distortion the shape of the active site

Biology year 1 (2 decks)

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