Chapter 1

Question 1

What is a polymer

Answer 1

A large molecule made up of many smaller ones called monomers

Question 2

What reaction joins together monomers

Answer 2

Condensation

Question 3

What happens in condensation

Answer 3

One molecule of water is eliminated

Question 4

What is the reaction separates monomers

Answer 4

Hydrolysis

Question 5

What happens to a water molecule in hydrolysis

Answer 5

Water is added

Question 6

What are monosaccharides also known as

Answer 6

Reducing sugars

Question 7

Name 3 examples of monosaccharides

Answer 7

Glucose/fructose/galactose

Question 8

Name 3 pairs of disaccharides

Answer 8

Glucose+glucose=fructose
Glucose+fructose=sucrose
Glucose+lactose=galactose

Question 9

Give an example of aglucose polymers

Answer 9

Starch and glycogen

Question 10

Give an example of b glucose polymers

Answer 10

Cellulose

Question 11

Where is cellulose found?

Answer 11

Used by plants for making cell walls

Question 12

What are starch and glycogen used for?

Answer 12

Energy storage in starch

Question 13

What is a glycosidic bond?

Answer 13

The name for the covelent bonds between mono/di/polysaccharide

Question 14

What are the 2 tests for carbohydrates

Answer 14

Bededicts solution

Iodine in potassium iodide gas

Question 15

What happens in the Bededicts test?

Answer 15

Goes from blue to bricked when heated with reducing sugars

Question 16

What happens in the iodine in potassium iodide test?

Answer 16

Gas goes from orange to blue when starch is present

Question 17

What are the 2 groups of lipids?

Answer 17

Triglycerides

Phospholipid

Question 18

What are triglycerides used for

Answer 18

Energy storage, thermal, electrical insulation and waterproofing due to oils and waxes

Question 19

How are triglycerides formed

Answer 19

Condensation of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 20

How many bonds do unsaturated fats have

Answer 20

Double bond

Question 21

How many bonds do saturated fats have

Answer 21

No carbon carbon bonds

Question 22

Where are fatty acids found

Answer 22

Cell membranes

Question 23

What is the head of a phospholipid

Answer 23

Polar hydrophilic

Question 24

What is the tail of the phospholipid

Answer 24

Hydrophobic fatty acid non polar

Question 25

What do phospholipids make in water

Answer 25

Lipid bilayer which makes them suitable for cell membranes

Question 26

What is the test for lipids

Answer 26

The emulsion test

Question 27

What is the emulsion test

Answer 27

A sample is shaken with ethanol allowed to settle and the liquid part poured into water. If a lipid is present there will be a milky emulsion,if not the liquid we I'll remain clear

Question 28

What is a primary structure

Answer 28

It's a sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide and the location of any disulphides bonds

Question 29

What's the secondary structure

Answer 29

It describes the folding pattern within a protein e.g the alpha helix is common where part of the polypeptide forms helix

Question 30

What is a tertiary structure

Answer 30

Describes the overall 3D shape of how the whole molecule is folded

Question 31

What is the quaternary structure

Answer 31

Occurs where there is more than one polypeptide in the structure of the protein

Question 32

Name 3 examples of proteins

Answer 32

Hormone/collagen/enzymes

Question 33

What is the test for proteins

Answer 33

The biuret test

Question 34

What happens in the biuret test?

Answer 34

Biuret reagent is added to the sample and will turn from pale blue to purple if the protein is present

Question 35

What's an enzyme

Answer 35

A special class of pr opens that act as a biological catalyst and increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy. They have a complex tertiary structure which gives them an active site

Question 36

What happens when a substrate binds to the active site

Answer 36

The shape of the active site alters to make the substrate fit perfectly this is induced fit

Question 37

How do intracellular cells work

Answer 37

Inside cells and include those that catalyse respiration

Question 38

How do extracellular cells work

Answer 38

Such as digestive enzymes in the gut work outside the cells

Question 39

What are enzyme inhibitors?

Answer 39

Substances which bind the enzymes and reduce their rate of reaction

Question 40

What does a competitive inhibitor do?

Answer 40

A very similar stuructre to the substrate and competes for the active sit. This type of inhibitor binds only temporarily n the active site

Question 41

What is a non competitive inhibitor

Answer 41

This binds perminalty not usually at the active site but it still causes distortion the shape of the active site