Chapter 3

Question 1

ventricle

Answer 1

hollow space filed with cerebral spinal fluid

Question 2

lateral ventricle

Answer 2

one of two ventricles lovated in the center of th telencephalon

Question 3

third ventricle

Answer 3

ventricle located in center of diencephalon

Question 4

neural tube

Answer 4

gies rise to brain and spinal cord, day 21 fuse, by day 28 its closed

Question 5

Vertical organization

Answer 5

Hughlings-Jackson
An hierarchical model of brain functions
Simpler behaviours are supported by older brain structures
More complex behaviours are added when new structures develop overtop of old ones
Newer structures control older structures by inhibiting what they do.

Question 6

Autonomic NS

Answer 6

Sympathic(fight/flight) Para(rest/digest)

Question 7

The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

Answer 7

A system of neurons that runs through the core of the brainstem, with components in the medulla, pons and midbrain. Associated with sleep/wake cycles
It gets inputs from sensory pathways including vision, hearing and pain/temperature
It sends projections to higher brain centres including the thalamus and cortex
ARAS stimulation of thalamocortical circuits increases arousal and vigilance

Question 8

The midbrain

Answer 8

tectum (The superior colliculus is associated with vision, while the inferior colliculus is associated with auditory function
Both help to coordinate neck movements with eye and ear movements)
Tegmentum (Is associated with the control of movement and locomotion
Contains two important nuclei associated with movement, the red nucleus and the substantia nigra. )

Question 9

The four components of Instinct

Answer 9

Aggression (dominance, territoriality)
Conception (courtship, mating)
Protection (nesting, protection of offspring)
Ingestion (feeding, drinking)

Question 10

Hypotthalamus

Answer 10

Instinctive behaviours are species-typical, and occur in sequences called fixed-action patterns
Instinctive behaviours are sensitive to environmental and social context
Specific behaviours, e.g. mating, territorial displays, migration are triggered by specific stimuli called releasers
Examples of releasers are the appearance and behaviour of conspecifics, predators, or prey animals. Species typical behaviours are accompanied by changes in neurotransmitter, and hormone levels., which initiate metabolic, physical and behavioural changes.
These changes are triggered by events in the external environment.
Instinctual behaviours are controlled by the hypothalamus
The hypothalamus acts as the interface between the external and internal world of the organism.

Question 11

basal ganglia

Answer 11

Habits. (repetitive actions) and rules (reliable rules for behaviour).
Brain system for “procedural memory”
Rules and habits are acquired through experience, and enable us to act automatically.
Procedural learning and memory are implicit processes – i.e. they occur without conscious awareness

Question 12

Cerebral cortex

Answer 12

discrimination and choice

Question 13

Brainstem and spinal cord

Answer 13

reflexes

Question 14

Reflexive behaviour

Answer 14

• automatic
• unconscious
• rapid
• stereotyped
• innate
• context insensitive
• “dumb”

Question 15

Reflective behaviour

Answer 15

• controlled
• conscious
• slow
• variable
• learned
• context sensitive
• “intelligent”

Question 16

Receptotopic Mapping

Answer 16

Receptor surface is mapped in an orderly way onto the cortical surface
i.e. somatosensory cortex has a map of the body, visual cortex has a map of the retina, auditory cortex has a map of the cochlea
How the world is represented on the cortical surface depends on what the receptor responds to