CHAPTER 3

Question 1

confirmation bias

Answer 1

which makes researchers more likely to ignore data that force them to contradict their preexisting notions.

Question 2

survey

Answer 2

ask lots of people questions, either in person, over the phone/web, or using a questionnaire

Question 3

laboratory observation

Answer 3

watch organisms in a controlled setting

Question 4

naturalistic observation

Answer 4

watch organisms in their normal environment

Question 5

case study

Answer 5

gather lots of information about one individual

Question 6

DISadvantages of naturalistic observation

Answer 6

• behavior of the participants can be contrived, due to the observer effect
• observer bias

Question 7

DISadvantages of laboratory observation?

Answer 7

observer bias

Question 8

DISadvantages of case studies

Answer 8

• the results are unique to one individual, and so findings in one case study cannot always be generalized to others
• detailed observation is vulnerable to observer bias

Question 9

DISadvantages of surveys

Answer 9

• it can be challenging to get a representative sample
• people often misremember or misrepresent themselves
• courtesy bias

Question 10

observer bias

Answer 10

occurs when a person recognizes only those actions that support the preconceived expectation, and ignores contradictory actions

Question 11

observer effect

Answer 11

process wherein animals or people who know they are being watched will not behave normally

Question 12

participant observation

Answer 12

technique where in a researcher participates in the group she is observing

Question 13

representative sample

Answer 13

a randomly selected group large enough to produce reliable data

Question 14

courtesy bias

Answer 14

occurs in surveys when participants respond inaccurately to avoid being offensive

Question 15

what do researchers use to avoid observer bias

Answer 15

blind observers

Question 16

A correlation is a measure of the relationship between two or more is a

Answer 16

variable

Question 17

The variable that a researcher manipulates is …

Answer 17

the independent variable

Question 18

The variable that a researcher measures is…

Answer 18

dependant

Question 19

confounding

Answer 19

variable might interfere with an experiment by blurring the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Question 20

experimental

Answer 20

group in an experiment is exposed to the independent variable.

Question 21

control group

Answer 21

group in an experiment is not exposed to the independent variable. It is often used as a point of comparison.

Question 22

random assignment

Answer 22

is an experiment means that each participant should have an equal change of being assigned to any experimental or control group.

Question 23

single-blind study

Answer 23

participants don’t know what group (experimental or control) they’ve been assigned to, but researchers do

Question 24

improvement in a patient due to how the participant believes a treatment should work

Answer 24

placebo effect

Question 25

neither participants nor experimenters know what group participants have been assigned to

Answer 25

double-blind study

Question 26

assumption that athletes do not do as well academically when compared to nonathletes

Answer 26

stereotype