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PSY Exam 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Cells i the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks.

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2
Q

Cell Body

A

The part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

The part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

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4
Q

Axon

A

The part of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons, muscles or glands

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5
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

An insulating layer of fatty material around axon resulting in more efficient information transmission

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6
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support Cells found in the nervous system.

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7
Q

Synapse

A

The junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another.

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8
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord.

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9
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons or other inter neurons.

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11
Q

Resting Potential

A

The difference electric charge between the inside and outside of a neurons cell membrane. Inside the cell is more negative than outside. -70mv

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12
Q

Action Potential

A

An electric signal that is conducted along a neurons axon to a synapse

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13
Q

Refractory Period

A

The time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.

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14
Q

Terminal Bouttons

A

Knoblike structures that branch out from an axon. Filled with vesicles that contain neurotransmitters.

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neurons dendrites (recpetors)

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16
Q

Receptors

A

Parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate or prevent a new electric signal.

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17
Q

Nervous System

A

An interacting network of neurons that conveys electro-chemical information throughout the body.

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18
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and the spinal cord

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19
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the body’s organs and muscles.

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20
Q

Somatic nervous System

A

A set of nerves that conveys information into and out of the central nervous system.-Voluntary/Skeletal movements.

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21
Q

Autonomic nervous sytem

A

A set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs and glands.

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22
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

A set of nerves that prepares the body for action in threatening situations

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23
Q

Parasympathetic nervous System

A

A set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state.

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24
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions

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25
Q

Hindbrain

A

An area of the brain the coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord

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26
Q

Medulla

A

An extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation and respiration

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27
Q

Reticular Formation

A

A brain structure that regulates sleep, wakefulness and levels of arousal

28
Q

Cerebellum

A

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

29
Q

Pons

A

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

30
Q

Sub cortical Structures

A

Areas of the fore-brain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain

31
Q

Midbrain

A

Important for orientation and movement.

32
Q

Tectum and Tegmentum

A

Structures in the mid-brain that help orient an organism to the environment and guide movement toward or away from stimuli.

33
Q

Thalmus

A

A subcortical structure that relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex.

34
Q

Hypothalmus

A

A subcortical structure that regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst and sexual behavior.

35
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The “master gland” of the body’s hormone producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body.

36
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex.

37
Q

Amygdala

A

A part of the limbic system that plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories.

38
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

39
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outermost layer of the brain, divided into two hemispheres. The highest level of the brain is responsible for perception, emotion, movement and thought.

40
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

A thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres.

41
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information.

42
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch-contains the somato-sensory cortex.

43
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language. Auditory Cortex is here.

44
Q

Frontal lobe

A

a region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgement. Sets us apart from other species.

45
Q

Association Areas

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex.- Specialized neurons

46
Q

Brain Plasticity

A

Functions that are assigned to certain areas of the brain may be capable of being reassigned to other areas of the brain to accommodate changing input from the environment. Exercise increase number of synapses and promotes development of new neurons in the hippocampus.

47
Q

Gene

A

Unit of hereditary Transmission

48
Q

Chromosomes

A

Strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration

49
Q

Nodes of Ravier

A

Regions of the axon which lack myelin sheath, electric impulses jump from node to node. breaks in the myelin sheath.

50
Q

Sodium-potassium Pump

A

Recharges the action potential by taking sodium from inside to outside and potassium from outside to insie the cell.

51
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Occurs at the Nodes of Ravier. As a the elctrical charge travels down the axon it “jumps” from node to node. Speeds up transmission and flow of information.

52
Q

between Neurons

A

Inter-cellular

53
Q

Electrochemical

A

Electrical communication within a neruon. Chemical Communication between neurons

54
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

voluntary motor control. Alzheimers, dementia

55
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure and emotional arousal.

56
Q

Glutamate

A

Major excitatiry transmitter involved in information transmission throughout the brain. Needs to be in equilibrium with GABA

57
Q

Norepinepherine

A

Influences mood and arousal

58
Q

Serotonin (NE)

A

involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating and aggressive behaviors

59
Q

Endorphin

A

act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain. Opiod receptors, elevates levels of dopamine-the body’s morphine.

60
Q

Information within a neuron

A

Electrical

61
Q

Information between a neuron

A

Chemical

62
Q

Contralateralization

A

Property of the brain such that one side of the body is controlled by the opposite hemisphere of the brain. Left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and visa-versa.

63
Q

Invertabrates

A

large cluster of nerve cell bodies located in the head that branch to clusters that run ventrally. Surrounded by ganglia- no central point.

64
Q

Vertebrates

A

Animals with a spinal column. brain structure that branches to a single dorsal nerve cord that encased in bone. Information radiates out from central area.-Forebrain undergoes evolutionary advances in vertebrates, reaching its peak with humans.

65
Q

Monozygotic

A

Twins share 100% of their genes

66
Q

Dizygotic

A

twins share 50% of their genes,

PSY Exam 1 (3 decks)

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