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PSY Exam 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Empiricism

A

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

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2
Q

Scientific Method

A

A set of principles about appropriate relationship between ideas and evidence

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3
Q

Theory

A

A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A falsifiable prediction made by a theory

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5
Q

Empirical method

A

A set of rules and techniques for observation

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6
Q

Operational Definition

A

A description of a property in concrete, measurable terms

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7
Q

Measure

A

A device that measures muscle contractions under the surface of a person’s skin

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8
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related

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9
Q

electromyograph (EMG)

A

A device that measures muscle contractions under the surface of a person’s skin

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10
Q

Reliability

A

The tendency for a measurement to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the sme thing.

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11
Q

Power

A

The ability of a measure to detect the concrete conditions specified in the operational definition.

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12
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should.

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13
Q

naturalistic observation

A

A technique for gathering information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments.

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14
Q

Double-Blind

A

An observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed.

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15
Q

variable

A

A property whose value can vary across individuals or over time

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16
Q

Correlation

A

Two variables are said to be correlated when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other.

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17
Q

Causation

A

Something that produces a direct effect

18
Q

Natural Correlations

A

the correlations we observe in the world around us, observations can tell us that two variables have a relationship-we can’t tell what kind of relationship that is.

19
Q

Third Variable correlation

A

The fact that two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable.

20
Q

Third-Variable Problem

A

The fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of a third-variable correlation.

21
Q

Experiment

A

A technique for establishing the causal relationship between two variables.

22
Q

Manipulation

A

The creation of an artificial pattern of variation in a variable in order to determine its causal powers.

23
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment

24
Q

Experimental Group

A

The group of people who are treated in a particular way, as compared to the control group, in an experiment.

25
Q

Control Group

A

The group of people who are not treated in the particular way that the experimental group is treated in an experiment

26
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that is measured in a study

27
Q

Self-Selection

A

A problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group

28
Q

Random Assignment

A

A procedure that uses a random event to assign people to the experimental or control group.

29
Q

internal validity

A

The characteristics of an experiment that establishes the causal relationship between variables

30
Q

External Validity

A

A property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way.

31
Q

Population

A

The complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured

32
Q

Sample

A

The partial collection of people drawn from a population

33
Q

Case Method

A

A method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual

34
Q

Random Sampling

A

A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

35
Q

Informed Consent

A

A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail.

36
Q

Debreifing

A

A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study

37
Q

Dogmatism

A

describes the tendency for people to cling to their assumptions

38
Q

Law

A

Statement about an observed phonomenon or unifyin concept

39
Q

Unprovable theories

A

No observation can falsify a statement.

40
Q

Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039)

A

The father of the scientific method

41
Q

Why are human difficult to study

A

1) Complexity
2) Variability
3) Reactivity

42
Q

Observer Bias

A

researchers expectations can influence observations

PSY Exam 1 (3 decks)

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