Chapter 3

Question 1

federalism

Answer 1

a way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of gov have formal authority over the same land and people; it is a system of shared power between units of gov

Question 2

unitary govs

Answer 2

a way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in a central gov; most national govs today are organized in this way

Question 3

supremacy clause

Answer 3

art iv of the constitution which makes the constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits

Question 4

tenth amendment

Answer 4

the powers not delegated to the us by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people

Question 5

enumerated powers

Answer 5

powers of the federal government specifically addressed in the constitution

Question 6

implied or inherent powers

Answer 6

powers of the federal government which go beyond those specially addressed in the constitution

Question 7

elastic clause

Answer 7

the final paragraph of art I section 8 of the constitution which authorizes congress to pass all laws “necessary and proper for carrying into execution” the powers stated in article I

Question 8

full faith and credit

Answer 8

a clause in art iv section 1 of the constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states

Question 9

extradition

Answer 9

a legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to the officials of the state where the alleged crime was committed

Question 10

privileges and immunities

Answer 10

a clause in art iv section 2 of the constitution, according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states

Question 11

dual federalism

Answer 11

a system of government in which both the states and national government remain within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies

Question 12

cooperative federalism

Answer 12

a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and national government; they may also share costs, administration, and blame

Question 13

categorical grants

Answer 13

federal grants of money that can only be used for specific purposes or “categories” of state and local spending; they come with strings attached, such as no discrimination provisions

Question 14

formula grants

Answer 14

federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations

Question 15

block grants

Answer 15

federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in such areas as community development and social services

Question 16

unfunded mandate

Answer 16

regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state or local governments, or private entities for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government

Question 17

devolution

Answer 17

the granting of powers from a national government to the state and local governments. it may be mainly financial, but the power to make relevant legislation to the area may also be granted

Question 18

concurrent powers

Answer 18

powers that are shared by the state and federal governments. example: power to tax

Question 19

mcculloch v Maryland, 1819

Answer 19

SC decision which established national supremacy and ruled the federal government has implied powers, beyond those enumerated in the constitution due to the elastic clause

Question 20

gibbons v Ogden, 1824

Answer 20

SC decision which interpreted the commerce clause of the constitution very broadly, giving the federal congress the power to regulate almost all forms of trade