Chapter 3

Question 1

Protein function:

Answer 1

• catalysis (speed up RxN)
• defense (antibodies)
• movement
• signaling (talking to other cells)
• structure
• transport(moving molecules in and out of cells)

Question 2

(Define) monomers:

Answer 2

[one-part]Building blocks of more complex molecules (polymers). Able to bond in long chains.

Question 3

(Define) polymers:

Answer 3

(many-parts) a structure resulting from a large number of monomers, that are bonded together.

Question 4

• (Define) amino acid:
• it’s structure (non/ion):
• functional groups present:

Answer 4

• (20 different) building blocks of protein molecules
• amino group(non-ionized/base) Carboxyl group (ionized/acidic)
• Carboxyl, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, or amino functional groups

Question 5

What are R-groups?

Answer 5

• An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule.
• the structure of the R-group affects the chemical reactivity and solubility, folding of the amino group.
• makes amino acid unique

Question 6

(Define) peptide bond:

Answer 6

The C-N covalent bond that results from this condensation (H2O removed) reaction. When a Carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts w/ amino group of another amino acid.

Question 7

(Define) polymerization:

Answer 7

The process of linking monomers together

Question 8

What are proteins and why are they important?

Answer 8

-the most versatile large molecules in cells, and each function is directly connected to structure.
-are polymers made up of amino acid.
-molecule responsible for life
Proteins perform all cell functions, and organisms couldn’t function w/o them.

Question 9

What is entropy?

Answer 9

A quantité measure of the amount of disorder of any system, such as a group of molecules.
[complex=structure/simple=chaotic]

Question 10

Give example of process that increase/decrease entropy:

Answer 10

A chunk of ice has low entropy because it’s molecules are frozen in place. Add heat energy and entropy increases. The ice turns to water, and it’s molecules agitate like popcorn in a popper.
[hydrolysis increase entropy, condensation RxN decrease]

Question 11

What is hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 11

Reverse to the condensation reaction, hydrolysis breaks polymers apart by adding a water molecule. [water in, monomer out]

Question 12

What is a condensation/dehydration reaction?

Answer 12

A polymerization (a bond) of monomers, resulting in a loss of a water molecule.
[monomer in, water out]
[reactions to build polymers]

Question 13

(Define) Denaturation:

Answer 13

• Unfolding of ribonuclease/breaking apart (chemical change) of protein.
• by treating it with compounds that break hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds.
• (it’s a bad thing, the ribonuclease doesn’t function well)
• (I.e. A fever causes our cells to Denaturation)

Question 14

Protein structure:

Answer 14

(Proteins are diverse in size/shape/function/etc.)

• primary: sequence of amino acids, responsible for most chemical properties.
• secondary: interactions between C&O/N/H, stabilized by hydrogen bond.
• tertiary structure: interactions between r-groups. Gives protein overall shape.
• quaternary: the combination of polypeptides.