Chapter 3-5 Flashcards
1
Q
Double Layer of phospholipids-proteins embedded
A
Structure of Cell Membrane
2
Q
Cell barrier-allows for transport of materials into and out of the cell
A
Function of Cell Membrane
3
Q
Rodlike, double-membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristae
Bean shape organelles have smooth outer membranes and heavily folded inner membrane.
A
Structure of Mitochondria
4
Q
Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell
A
Function of Mitochondria
5
Q
Large subunits with tRNA and a growing peptide chain, an mRNA separates the small subunit from the large subunit, are rounded bodies composed of RNA and protein, some are found in the cytoplasm, and others are found in the ER.
A
Structure of Ribosomes
6
Q
The site of translation for Protein Synthesis. Proteins are assembled from amino acid monomers
A
Function of Ribosomes
7
Q
Make cytoplasmic proteins
A
Free Ribosomes
8
Q
On the rough ER, make membrane and excretory proteins. Only in Eukaryotic cells only.
A
Bound Ribosomes
9
Q
Membranous system encloses a cavity in the cistern and coiling through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes.
Proteins made by rough ER travel to smooth ER to be packaged into vesicles and sent away to the Golgi apparatus.
Contains ribosomes and is rough in appearance
A
Structure of Rough ER
10
Q
Compartmentalizes the cell for protein synthesis. since it has bound ribosomes on its surface.
A
Function of Rough ER
11
Q
Membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes. Does not contain ribosomes smooth in appearance.
A
Structure of Smooth ER
12
Q
Take proteins to become enzymes that break down macromolecules or proteins. Makes phospholipids for cell membranes.
A
Function of Smooth ER
13
Q
A stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to the nucleus. Placed where proteins and lipids made in the ER are packaged for export to the outside of the cell in vesicles.
A
Structure of Golgi Apparatus
14
Q
Sort of like the “finishing” center of the cell. They take vesicles delivered from the smooth ER and make final touches, like adding phosphate groups, etc., and then send the finished products to the cell membrane to be excreted out of the cell. vesicles can also be sent into the cell to be lysosomes or peroxisomes. modifies carbohydrates on proteins.
A
Function of Golgi Apparatus
15
Q
Membranous sacs containing catalase and oxidase enzymes are smaller than lysosomes.
A
Structure of Peroxisomes
16
Q
The enzymes destroy a number of toxic substances, the most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide and releases water and oxygen
A
Function of Peroxisomes
17
Q
Tiny membrane-bound sacs containing acid hydrolases(Digestive enzymes).
A
Structure of Lysosomes
18
Q
Sites of intracellular digestion used to digest worn-out cell parts, and also digest bacteria and other foreign bodies.
A
Function of Lysosomes
19
Q
Cylindrical Structure
A
Structure of Microtubules
20
Q
Give cell shapes, and form centrioles cilia, and flagella. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements
A
Function of Microtubules
21
Q
Protein fibers, the composition varies
A
Structure of Intermediate Filaments
22
Q
Cytoskeleton(protect cells from outside source)
A
Function of Intermediate Filaments.
23
Q
Fine filaments composed of the protein actin
A
Structure of Microfilaments
24
Q
Form Cytoskeleton, Cellular Movement, and muscle contration
A
Function of Microfilaments
25
Paired cylindrical bodies, each compose of nine triplets of microtubules
Structure of Centrioles
26
As part of the centrosome, organize the microtubule network. During mitosis, form the spindle and asters. As basal bodies form the bases of cilia and flagella
Function of Centrioles
27
Not membrane bonds, Collections of chemicals that are found in the cytoplasm
Structure of inclusions
28
Stronge for nutrients waste and cell produces
Function of Inclusions
29
Shoer Cell-Surface projections each cilium contains nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair
Structure of cillia
30
Coordinated movement creates a unidirectional current that propels substances across cell surfaces
Function of Cilia
31
Like a cilium but longer
Structure of Flagellum
32
Propels the cell
Function of Flagellum
33
Semifluid interior portion of the nucleus. Outer layer includes the ER and ribosomes touching the nucleoplasm o inside of nucleus is the nuclear pore. Touching the pore is the nuclear envelope. The center of the cell includes nucleoplasm inside the plasma is the nucleolus. Under the plasma in the chromatin. The largest type of organelle. Usually found near the center of the cell. Oval shape.
Structure of the nucleus
34
Stores DNA, Host DNA Synthesis(replication), Host RNA Synthesis (Transcription) acts as the control center for the cell.
Function of Nucleus
35
Double membrane with nuclear pores
Structure of the Nuclear Envelope
36
Control which substances enter and exit the nucleus, cover the nucleus
Function of Nuclear Envelope
37
Dense region or proteins and nucleic acid
Structure of Nucleolus
38
Compartment of nucleus that makes ribosomes, ribosomal subunits are being produced
Function of Nucleolus
39
DNA and associated proteins in a cell nucleus
Structure of Chromatin
40
A mass of membranes that are heavily folded and that connects directly to the nuclear envelope
Structure of ER
41
Is a site in which some CHOs and lipids are made. Ribosomes make proteins that will be exported out of the cell. Detoxification, lipid manufacture, Steroid Hormone production, chemical storage, and intracellular chemical transports
Function of ER
42
your body's process of reusing old and damaged cell parts
Autophagy
43
The molecule that all cells use to carry usable energy
ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)
44
More than one Nucleus
Multinucleate
45
Do not possess a nucleus
Anucleate
46
Space between the two layers
Perinuclear cisterna
47
The nucleus contains the cell's genetic information, allowing the nucleus to act as the control center of the cell. During cell division, the DNA from the nucleus spills out into the cytoplasm in several distinct segments called chromosomes
DNA Molecule
48
DNA from the nucleus spills out into the cytoplasm in several distinct segments
Chromosomes
49
When the cell is not reproducing the DNA in the nucleus
Chromatin
50
Dark spots in the nucleus that contain both DNA and RNA, disappear during cell division and are believed to be the site of ribosome assembly.
Nucleoli
51
A gel-like fluid that fills the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
52
A group of similar cells with a common developmental origin working together to perform specific functions, surrounded by extracellular fluid (ECF)
Tissue
53
Immature tissue layers that form approximately one week after fertilization
Embryonic Germ Layers
54
Ectoderm
Skin
55
Endoderm
digestive tube and respiratory tube
56
Mesoderm
Muscle
57
Arise from Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm
ET
58
Arise from Mesoderm
CT and MT
59
Arise from Ectoderm
NT
60
Major Features: Cells are closely packed; have no matrix, are arranged in layers, and are said to be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified. Free surface, that is exposed to a cavity or the outside of the body. Basal surface that attaches to an underlying basement membrane(always attached to an underlying basement membrane, made of extracellular material), Avascular. High rate of mitosis.
Function: Protection, filtration, lubrication, secretion, digestion, absorption, transport, excretion, sensory reception, reproduction
Epithelial Tissue
61
Structure: A single layer of flat cells.
Function: Allow rapid diffusion and osmosis; filtration
Location: Kidneys, alveoli of the lungs, blood vessels
Simple Squamous ET
62
Structure: A single layer of round cells.
Function: Forms walls of some microscopic tubes and ducts, secretion absorption
Location: Kidneys, ducts of glands
Simple Cuboidal ET
63
Structure: A single layer of column-shaped cells. Maybe ciliated or nonciliated. May contain goblet cells. Nonciliated cells may have microvilli
Functions: transport of mucus(ciliated), absorption(nonciliated), secretion(nonciliated).
Location:GI tact, respiratory tract, fallopian tubes
Simple Columnar ET
64
secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer.
Goblet Cells
65
Structure: Several layers of ET cells with flat cells at the free surface. May be keratinized(cornified) or nonkeratinized(noncornified)
Function: Protection against friction and water loss
Locations: skin, mouth, and esophagus
Stratified Squamous ET
66
Waterproofing protein
Keratin
67
Structure: A single layer of distorted, closely-packed, column-shaped cells.
Function: Transport of mucus, mucus secretion
Location: Respiratory tract, some large ducts
Pseudostratified Columnar ET
68
Structure: Several layers of cells that change shape depending on the degree of stretching
Functions: allows lining of structure to stretch
Location: urinary bladder, ureter
Transitional ET
69
Structure: "ductless" ET glands that secrete hormones into surrounding tissues/fluids
Function: hormone secretion
Examples: Thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pituitary gland
Endocrine glands
70
Structure: ET glands that secrete non-hormone products into ducts or onto surfaces
Functions: to produce non-hormone products such as mucus, saliva, tears, and enzymes
Examples: goblet cells, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and acini
Exocrine glands
71
The most abundant tissue in the body, three basic components:cells, ground substance, and fibers.highly vascular, does not have a free surface.
Connective Tissue
72
Ground substance and fibers together to make this. Can be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified, which helps determine the tissue's qualities.
Matrix
73
Cells in connective tissue are derived from cells found in an embryonic CT called
Mesenchyme
74
Immature cells have name which end in
-blast
75
Mature Cells have names which end in
-cyte
76
Secrete fibers and and matrix
fibroblasts
77
histiocytes, which develop from monocytes and are phagocytic
macrophages
78
produce antibodies and develop from B cells
Plasma cells
79
abundant alongside blood vessels and produce histamine, a chemical that dilated blood vessels during inflammation; they also produce a weak form of heparin
Mast cells
80
found in bone tissues and develop into osteocytes
osteoblasts
81
found in cartilage, develop into chondrocytes
chondroblasts
82
fat cells, store energy in the form of fat
adipocytes
83
Found in the ground substance, a viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, maintains shape of the eyeball, and helps phagocytes move through CT during wound repair
Hyaluronic acid
84
Found in the ground substance, a gel-like substance that provides support and adhesiveness in skin, cartilage, blood vessels, and bone
Chondroitin sulfate
85
Provide support and adhesiveness, found in the ground substance
Dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and adhesion proteins
86
supports, binds, provides a medium for the exchange of materials between the blood and cells, and is active in influencing cell functions
Ground Substance
87
Provide strength and support for tissues
Fibers in the matrix
88
Fiber embedded in the matrix between cells of connective tissues, composed of the protein collagen, are very tough and resistant to stretching, yet allow some flexibility in tissue. They are generally think fibers that show little branching
Collagen fibers
89
Fiber embedded in the matrix between cells of connective tissues, composed of the protein elastin, provides strength and stretching ca[acity and is found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs. They are often branched and are usually smaller in diameter than collagen fibers
Elastic Fibers
90
Fiber embedded in the matrix between cells of connective tissues, consisting of collagen and glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a strong, supporting network around fat cells. nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle fibers. They are usually much thinner than collagen fibers and exhibit extensive branching.
Reticular Fibers
91
Connective tissue that is present primarily in the embryo or fetus
Embryonic Connective Tissue
92
Found almost exclusively in the embryo, is the tissue from which all other connective tissues eventually arise
Mesenchyme
93
Found in the umbilical cord of the fetus, where it provides support
Mucous connective tissue(Wharton's Jelly)
94
The fibers are loosely woven and there are many cells
Loose connective tissue
95
It is found in the subcutaneous layer and mucous membranes and around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs. It functions in providing strength, elasticity, and support to body structures. The cells it contains are fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, and leukocytes. Contains all three types of fibers
Areolar CT
96
It is found in the subcutaneous layer, around organs, and in yellow bone marrow.
Functionally it:
- Reduces heat loss through the skin
-Serves as an energy reverse
-Supports, protects and
-generates considerable heat to help maintain proper body temperature in newborns
Consists of tightly packed adipose cells
Adipose Tissue
97
contains more numerous and thicker fibers but considerably fewer cells than loose connective tissue.
Dense connective Tissue
98
It forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses. Its function is to provide strong attachments between various structures. It contains neatly arranged(parallel) collagen fibers and fibroblasts
Dense Regular CT
99
Jellylike matrix containing collagenous and elastic fibers and chondrocytes it is surrounded by perichondrium. no blood vessels or nerves, the strength of cartilage is due to its collagen fibers while its resilience is due to the presence of chondroitin sulfate.
Cartilage
100
Chondrocytes are found within spaces in the matrix called
Lacunae
101
It is found in the embryonic skeleton, at the ends of bones, in the nose, and in the trachea. It is flexible, allows movement at joints, and provide support. It is most abundant type of cartilage and has fine collagen fibers embedded in a gel-like matrix.
Hyaline Cartilage
102
It is found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, the knee joint, Its functions are to support and fuse structures. It contains bundles of collagen fibers in its matrix, the strongest type of cartilage.
Fibrocartilage
103
It is found in the auditory(Eustachian) tubes, and external; eat. It gives support and maintains shape. It contains a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix
Elastic Cartilage
104
Calcium salts are responsible for bone's hardness and collagen fibers for its great strength. It functions are to support, protect, help provide movement, store minerals, and enclose blood-forming tissue. It consists of matrix containing mineral salts and collagen fibers and cells called osteocytes; it is surrounded by periosteum. It is classified as being either compact, or spongy
Bone(osseous Tissue)
105
It consists of formed elements and liquid matrix called plasma. Formed elements(cells and cells fragments) include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Blood is involved in transport, phagocytosis, allergic reactions, immunity and clotting
Blood (Vascular tissue)
106
Attaches to bone and allows voluntary movement, consists of closely packed cells that are extremely long and cylindrical in shape. Multinucleate(contain many nuclei). Nuclei is peripheral(edge of the cell) contains light and dark bands called striations. Striated cells. long narrow filaments called myofibrils than allow the, to contract. Stimulated bu the nervous system by way of a special connection with neurons(nerve Cells). Special connection is called a neuromuscular junction and allows a neuron to tell a skeletal muscle cell when to contract by using a signal molecule called a neurotransmitter
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
107
Cells in Skeletal Muscle tissues are called
Skeletal muscle cells
108
Located in the wall of the heart, Allows involuntary contraction of the heart. Striated, one nucleus(uninucleate. Firmly connected to each other by unique structures.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
109
Cells in the cardiac Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle cells
110
Unique structures in the cardiac muscle tissue
intercalated disc
111
Muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow structures such a blood vessels, airways, and the GI tract. Allows involuntary contraction of the walls of hollow structures. not striated
Smooth Muscle Tissue
112
Cells in the smooth muscle tissues, that are spindle-shaped ,not striated, uninucleate cells.
Smooth muscle cells.
113
One major cell of nervous tissue, Large cells that produce and conduct electrical signals called action potentials. Three major components: Cell body, dendrites, and axon.
Neurons
114
Cells that support the structure and functions of neurons
Neuroglia, Gila, or Glial Cells.
115
The main, central part of the cell contains the nucleus and all major organelles. Also called perikaryon or the soma
Cell body
116
Narrow, branched filaments that conduct action potentials toward the cell body.
Dendrites
117
A single filament that conducts action potentials away from the cell body
Axon
118
System consisting of skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands
Integumentary System
119
The largest organ in the body
Function: Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, excretion, blood reservoir, and vitamin D production
Skin
120
Outer skin layer that is variable in thickness and contains no blood vessels. made of stratified squamous. Keratinized, Consists of four types of cells: Keratinocytes, Melaocyes, Langerhans Cells, Markel's cells. Divided into five layer: Stratum basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum.
Epidermis
121
Cells that produce keratin; constitute 90% of epidermal cells.
Keratinocytes,
122
Cells that produce melanin. Melanin is transferred to Keratinocytes,
Melanocytes
123
A pigment that absorbs dangerous UV light to protect the DNA in the nucleus
Melanin
124
A type of phagocyte that has a role in immunity
Langerhans Cells
125
Cells found in the deepest part of the epidermis in hairless skin. They interact with a type of neuron called a Merkel's disc to form touch receptors.
Merkel's cells
126
One layer of cubodial or columnar cells at the basal surface of the epidermis; contain Keratinocytes and melanocytes, exhibits a high mitotic rate
Stratum Basale
127
8-10 layers of closely packed, "spiked" cells; mostly Keratinocytes with few melanocytes, and langerhans cells; these cells have a spiked appearance because they are shrinking
Stratum Spinosum
128
3-5 layers of flat cells containing Keratinocytes,; the layer where keratinization begins
Stratum granulosum
129
3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells found only in thick skin(of the palms and soles)
Stratum Lucidum
130
Approximately 30 layers of flat, dead cells that are completely filled with keratin
Stratum Corneum(the cornified layer)
131
An irregularly arranged CT layer containing numerous elastic and collagen fibers contains many fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes. Contains touch receptors called Meissner's Corpuscles. Two layers :Papillary region, and Reticular Region
Dermis
132
Touch Receptors in the Dermis
Meissner's Corpuscles
133
A layer of loose CT with many collagen and elastic fibers
Hypodermic/ Subcutaneous Layer
134
Anatomical Name for hair
Pili
135
Considered too "Downgrowths" of the epidermis that are anchored in the dermis. Functions include protection, and enhancement of facial expression.
Structure: Shaft, root, cuticle, cortex, and medulla
Hair
136
the part of a hair that extends above the surface of the skin
Shaft
137
The part of a hair that is embedded under the surface of the skin
root
138
The outer, keratinized layer of the shaft or the root; somewhat waterproof
Cuticle
139
The layer of a hair just under the cuticle; contains pigments in dark hair, but contains mostly air in light-colored hair
Cortex
140
The inner core of a hair contains, both pigment and air
Medulla
141
Root of each hair attached to an, causes the hair to stand on end during periods of cold or stress
Arrector Pili
142
Nerve ending associated with the root. It senses movement of the hair
Root hair Plexus
143
Flat plates of tightly packed keratinized cells. Function includes protection and enhancement of the ability to grasp objects.
Structure: body, free edge, root
Nails
144
Sweat glands
sudoriferous glands
145
Oil Glands
Sebaceous glands
146
Wax Glands
Ceruminous glands
147
White blood cells-immunity
Leukocytes
148
Red Blood cells, transport O2 and CO2
Erythrocyte
149
Platelets, blood clotting
Thrombocytes
150
Order of Cell Cycle
Interphases(G, S, G2) and Mitosis-Sphase and DNA replication
151
DNA to RNA
Transcription
152
RNA to Protein
Translation
153
Start Codon
AUG
154
Initiation of Translation
start of translation
155
Elongation of Translation
When each tRNA carries an amino acid, as the amino acids line, peptide bonds form from making chains.
156
Termination of Translation
Chains are built until tRNA reads for a stop codon.
157
Compact bones
Osteones
158
Spongy Bones
Tuabeculla
159
A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.
Codon
160
a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
Anticodon
161
Freckles or liver spots
Melanocytes in a patch
162
Albinism
inherited lack of tyrosinase, bo pigment
163
Autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin produces white patches
Vitiligo
164
All over body and open directly onto skin's surface
Eccrine Sweat Glands
165
Develop during puberty, musky odor, found in armpits and groin area, open to hair follicle and turn to surface and skin
Apocrine
166
Most common/least malignant, stratum basale layer is affected
Basal cell carcinoma
167
Keratinocytes of stratum spinosum affected
Squamous cell carcinoma
168
Cancer of melanocytes, most dangerous, chemo resistant
Melanoma
169
Epidermis affected, sunburn-no blisters
First degree burn
170
Epidermis and dermis, blisters
Second Degree burn
171
Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous later, serve injury-slow healing
Third Degree burn
