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Ant and Physiology > Chapter 3-5 > Flashcards

Chapter 3-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Double Layer of phospholipids-proteins embedded

A

Structure of Cell Membrane

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2
Q

Cell barrier-allows for transport of materials into and out of the cell

A

Function of Cell Membrane

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3
Q

Rodlike, double-membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristae

Bean shape organelles have smooth outer membranes and heavily folded inner membrane.

A

Structure of Mitochondria

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4
Q

Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell

A

Function of Mitochondria

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5
Q

Large subunits with tRNA and a growing peptide chain, an mRNA separates the small subunit from the large subunit, are rounded bodies composed of RNA and protein, some are found in the cytoplasm, and others are found in the ER.

A

Structure of Ribosomes

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6
Q

The site of translation for Protein Synthesis. Proteins are assembled from amino acid monomers

A

Function of Ribosomes

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7
Q

Make cytoplasmic proteins

A

Free Ribosomes

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8
Q

On the rough ER, make membrane and excretory proteins. Only in Eukaryotic cells only.

A

Bound Ribosomes

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9
Q

Membranous system encloses a cavity in the cistern and coiling through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes.

Proteins made by rough ER travel to smooth ER to be packaged into vesicles and sent away to the Golgi apparatus.

Contains ribosomes and is rough in appearance

A

Structure of Rough ER

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10
Q

Compartmentalizes the cell for protein synthesis. since it has bound ribosomes on its surface.

A

Function of Rough ER

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11
Q

Membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes. Does not contain ribosomes smooth in appearance.

A

Structure of Smooth ER

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12
Q

Take proteins to become enzymes that break down macromolecules or proteins. Makes phospholipids for cell membranes.

A

Function of Smooth ER

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13
Q

A stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to the nucleus. Placed where proteins and lipids made in the ER are packaged for export to the outside of the cell in vesicles.

A

Structure of Golgi Apparatus

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14
Q

Sort of like the “finishing” center of the cell. They take vesicles delivered from the smooth ER and make final touches, like adding phosphate groups, etc., and then send the finished products to the cell membrane to be excreted out of the cell. vesicles can also be sent into the cell to be lysosomes or peroxisomes. modifies carbohydrates on proteins.

A

Function of Golgi Apparatus

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15
Q

Membranous sacs containing catalase and oxidase enzymes are smaller than lysosomes.

A

Structure of Peroxisomes

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16
Q

The enzymes destroy a number of toxic substances, the most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide and releases water and oxygen

A

Function of Peroxisomes

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17
Q

Tiny membrane-bound sacs containing acid hydrolases(Digestive enzymes).

A

Structure of Lysosomes

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18
Q

Sites of intracellular digestion used to digest worn-out cell parts, and also digest bacteria and other foreign bodies.

A

Function of Lysosomes

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19
Q

Cylindrical Structure

A

Structure of Microtubules

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20
Q

Give cell shapes, and form centrioles cilia, and flagella. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements

A

Function of Microtubules

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21
Q

Protein fibers, the composition varies

A

Structure of Intermediate Filaments

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22
Q

Cytoskeleton(protect cells from outside source)

A

Function of Intermediate Filaments.

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23
Q

Fine filaments composed of the protein actin

A

Structure of Microfilaments

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24
Q

Form Cytoskeleton, Cellular Movement, and muscle contration

A

Function of Microfilaments

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25
Q

Paired cylindrical bodies, each compose of nine triplets of microtubules

A

Structure of Centrioles

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26
Q

As part of the centrosome, organize the microtubule network. During mitosis, form the spindle and asters. As basal bodies form the bases of cilia and flagella

A

Function of Centrioles

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27
Q

Not membrane bonds, Collections of chemicals that are found in the cytoplasm

A

Structure of inclusions

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28
Q

Stronge for nutrients waste and cell produces

A

Function of Inclusions

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29
Q

Shoer Cell-Surface projections each cilium contains nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair

A

Structure of cillia

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30
Q

Coordinated movement creates a unidirectional current that propels substances across cell surfaces

A

Function of Cilia

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31
Q

Like a cilium but longer

A

Structure of Flagellum

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32
Q

Propels the cell

A

Function of Flagellum

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33
Q

Semifluid interior portion of the nucleus. Outer layer includes the ER and ribosomes touching the nucleoplasm o inside of nucleus is the nuclear pore. Touching the pore is the nuclear envelope. The center of the cell includes nucleoplasm inside the plasma is the nucleolus. Under the plasma in the chromatin. The largest type of organelle. Usually found near the center of the cell. Oval shape.

A

Structure of the nucleus

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34
Q

Stores DNA, Host DNA Synthesis(replication), Host RNA Synthesis (Transcription) acts as the control center for the cell.

A

Function of Nucleus

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35
Q

Double membrane with nuclear pores

A

Structure of the Nuclear Envelope

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36
Q

Control which substances enter and exit the nucleus, cover the nucleus

A

Function of Nuclear Envelope

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37
Q

Dense region or proteins and nucleic acid

A

Structure of Nucleolus

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38
Q

Compartment of nucleus that makes ribosomes, ribosomal subunits are being produced

A

Function of Nucleolus

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39
Q

DNA and associated proteins in a cell nucleus

A

Structure of Chromatin

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40
Q

A mass of membranes that are heavily folded and that connects directly to the nuclear envelope

A

Structure of ER

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41
Q

Is a site in which some CHOs and lipids are made. Ribosomes make proteins that will be exported out of the cell. Detoxification, lipid manufacture, Steroid Hormone production, chemical storage, and intracellular chemical transports

A

Function of ER

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42
Q

your body’s process of reusing old and damaged cell parts

A

Autophagy

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43
Q

The molecule that all cells use to carry usable energy

A

ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)

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44
Q

More than one Nucleus

A

Multinucleate

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45
Q

Do not possess a nucleus

A

Anucleate

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46
Q

Space between the two layers

A

Perinuclear cisterna

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47
Q

The nucleus contains the cell’s genetic information, allowing the nucleus to act as the control center of the cell. During cell division, the DNA from the nucleus spills out into the cytoplasm in several distinct segments called chromosomes

A

DNA Molecule

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48
Q

DNA from the nucleus spills out into the cytoplasm in several distinct segments

A

Chromosomes

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49
Q

When the cell is not reproducing the DNA in the nucleus

A

Chromatin

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50
Q

Dark spots in the nucleus that contain both DNA and RNA, disappear during cell division and are believed to be the site of ribosome assembly.

A

Nucleoli

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51
Q

A gel-like fluid that fills the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

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52
Q

A group of similar cells with a common developmental origin working together to perform specific functions, surrounded by extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Tissue

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53
Q

Immature tissue layers that form approximately one week after fertilization

A

Embryonic Germ Layers

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54
Q

Ectoderm

A

Skin

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55
Q

Endoderm

A

digestive tube and respiratory tube

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56
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscle

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57
Q

Arise from Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm

A

ET

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58
Q

Arise from Mesoderm

A

CT and MT

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59
Q

Arise from Ectoderm

A

NT

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60
Q

Major Features: Cells are closely packed; have no matrix, are arranged in layers, and are said to be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified. Free surface, that is exposed to a cavity or the outside of the body. Basal surface that attaches to an underlying basement membrane(always attached to an underlying basement membrane, made of extracellular material), Avascular. High rate of mitosis.

Function: Protection, filtration, lubrication, secretion, digestion, absorption, transport, excretion, sensory reception, reproduction

A

Epithelial Tissue

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61
Q

Structure: A single layer of flat cells.
Function: Allow rapid diffusion and osmosis; filtration
Location: Kidneys, alveoli of the lungs, blood vessels

A

Simple Squamous ET

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62
Q

Structure: A single layer of round cells.
Function: Forms walls of some microscopic tubes and ducts, secretion absorption
Location: Kidneys, ducts of glands

A

Simple Cuboidal ET

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63
Q

Structure: A single layer of column-shaped cells. Maybe ciliated or nonciliated. May contain goblet cells. Nonciliated cells may have microvilli
Functions: transport of mucus(ciliated), absorption(nonciliated), secretion(nonciliated).
Location:GI tact, respiratory tract, fallopian tubes

A

Simple Columnar ET

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64
Q

secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer.

A

Goblet Cells

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65
Q

Structure: Several layers of ET cells with flat cells at the free surface. May be keratinized(cornified) or nonkeratinized(noncornified)
Function: Protection against friction and water loss
Locations: skin, mouth, and esophagus

A

Stratified Squamous ET

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66
Q

Waterproofing protein

A

Keratin

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67
Q

Structure: A single layer of distorted, closely-packed, column-shaped cells.
Function: Transport of mucus, mucus secretion
Location: Respiratory tract, some large ducts

A

Pseudostratified Columnar ET

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68
Q

Structure: Several layers of cells that change shape depending on the degree of stretching
Functions: allows lining of structure to stretch
Location: urinary bladder, ureter

A

Transitional ET

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69
Q

Structure: “ductless” ET glands that secrete hormones into surrounding tissues/fluids
Function: hormone secretion
Examples: Thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pituitary gland

A

Endocrine glands

70
Q

Structure: ET glands that secrete non-hormone products into ducts or onto surfaces
Functions: to produce non-hormone products such as mucus, saliva, tears, and enzymes
Examples: goblet cells, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and acini

A

Exocrine glands

71
Q

The most abundant tissue in the body, three basic components:cells, ground substance, and fibers.highly vascular, does not have a free surface.

A

Connective Tissue

72
Q

Ground substance and fibers together to make this. Can be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified, which helps determine the tissue’s qualities.

A

Matrix

73
Q

Cells in connective tissue are derived from cells found in an embryonic CT called

A

Mesenchyme

74
Q

Immature cells have name which end in

A

-blast

75
Q

Mature Cells have names which end in

A

-cyte

76
Q

Secrete fibers and and matrix

A

fibroblasts

77
Q

histiocytes, which develop from monocytes and are phagocytic

A

macrophages

78
Q

produce antibodies and develop from B cells

A

Plasma cells

79
Q

abundant alongside blood vessels and produce histamine, a chemical that dilated blood vessels during inflammation; they also produce a weak form of heparin

A

Mast cells

80
Q

found in bone tissues and develop into osteocytes

A

osteoblasts

81
Q

found in cartilage, develop into chondrocytes

A

chondroblasts

82
Q

fat cells, store energy in the form of fat

A

adipocytes

83
Q

Found in the ground substance, a viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, maintains shape of the eyeball, and helps phagocytes move through CT during wound repair

A

Hyaluronic acid

84
Q

Found in the ground substance, a gel-like substance that provides support and adhesiveness in skin, cartilage, blood vessels, and bone

A

Chondroitin sulfate

85
Q

Provide support and adhesiveness, found in the ground substance

A

Dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and adhesion proteins

86
Q

supports, binds, provides a medium for the exchange of materials between the blood and cells, and is active in influencing cell functions

A

Ground Substance

87
Q

Provide strength and support for tissues

A

Fibers in the matrix

88
Q

Fiber embedded in the matrix between cells of connective tissues, composed of the protein collagen, are very tough and resistant to stretching, yet allow some flexibility in tissue. They are generally think fibers that show little branching

A

Collagen fibers

89
Q

Fiber embedded in the matrix between cells of connective tissues, composed of the protein elastin, provides strength and stretching ca[acity and is found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs. They are often branched and are usually smaller in diameter than collagen fibers

A

Elastic Fibers

90
Q

Fiber embedded in the matrix between cells of connective tissues, consisting of collagen and glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a strong, supporting network around fat cells. nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle fibers. They are usually much thinner than collagen fibers and exhibit extensive branching.

A

Reticular Fibers

91
Q

Connective tissue that is present primarily in the embryo or fetus

A

Embryonic Connective Tissue

92
Q

Found almost exclusively in the embryo, is the tissue from which all other connective tissues eventually arise

A

Mesenchyme

93
Q

Found in the umbilical cord of the fetus, where it provides support

A

Mucous connective tissue(Wharton’s Jelly)

94
Q

The fibers are loosely woven and there are many cells

A

Loose connective tissue

95
Q

It is found in the subcutaneous layer and mucous membranes and around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs. It functions in providing strength, elasticity, and support to body structures. The cells it contains are fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, and leukocytes. Contains all three types of fibers

A

Areolar CT

96
Q

It is found in the subcutaneous layer, around organs, and in yellow bone marrow.

Functionally it:
- Reduces heat loss through the skin
-Serves as an energy reverse
-Supports, protects and
-generates considerable heat to help maintain proper body temperature in newborns

Consists of tightly packed adipose cells

A

Adipose Tissue

97
Q

contains more numerous and thicker fibers but considerably fewer cells than loose connective tissue.

A

Dense connective Tissue

98
Q

It forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses. Its function is to provide strong attachments between various structures. It contains neatly arranged(parallel) collagen fibers and fibroblasts

A

Dense Regular CT

99
Q

Jellylike matrix containing collagenous and elastic fibers and chondrocytes it is surrounded by perichondrium. no blood vessels or nerves, the strength of cartilage is due to its collagen fibers while its resilience is due to the presence of chondroitin sulfate.

A

Cartilage

100
Q

Chondrocytes are found within spaces in the matrix called

A

Lacunae

101
Q

It is found in the embryonic skeleton, at the ends of bones, in the nose, and in the trachea. It is flexible, allows movement at joints, and provide support. It is most abundant type of cartilage and has fine collagen fibers embedded in a gel-like matrix.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

102
Q

It is found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, the knee joint, Its functions are to support and fuse structures. It contains bundles of collagen fibers in its matrix, the strongest type of cartilage.

A

Fibrocartilage

103
Q

It is found in the auditory(Eustachian) tubes, and external; eat. It gives support and maintains shape. It contains a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix

A

Elastic Cartilage

104
Q

Calcium salts are responsible for bone’s hardness and collagen fibers for its great strength. It functions are to support, protect, help provide movement, store minerals, and enclose blood-forming tissue. It consists of matrix containing mineral salts and collagen fibers and cells called osteocytes; it is surrounded by periosteum. It is classified as being either compact, or spongy

A

Bone(osseous Tissue)

105
Q

It consists of formed elements and liquid matrix called plasma. Formed elements(cells and cells fragments) include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Blood is involved in transport, phagocytosis, allergic reactions, immunity and clotting

A

Blood (Vascular tissue)

106
Q

Attaches to bone and allows voluntary movement, consists of closely packed cells that are extremely long and cylindrical in shape. Multinucleate(contain many nuclei). Nuclei is peripheral(edge of the cell) contains light and dark bands called striations. Striated cells. long narrow filaments called myofibrils than allow the, to contract. Stimulated bu the nervous system by way of a special connection with neurons(nerve Cells). Special connection is called a neuromuscular junction and allows a neuron to tell a skeletal muscle cell when to contract by using a signal molecule called a neurotransmitter

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

107
Q

Cells in Skeletal Muscle tissues are called

A

Skeletal muscle cells

108
Q

Located in the wall of the heart, Allows involuntary contraction of the heart. Striated, one nucleus(uninucleate. Firmly connected to each other by unique structures.

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

109
Q

Cells in the cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Cardiac Muscle cells

110
Q

Unique structures in the cardiac muscle tissue

A

intercalated disc

111
Q

Muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow structures such a blood vessels, airways, and the GI tract. Allows involuntary contraction of the walls of hollow structures. not striated

A

Smooth Muscle Tissue

112
Q

Cells in the smooth muscle tissues, that are spindle-shaped ,not striated, uninucleate cells.

A

Smooth muscle cells.

113
Q

One major cell of nervous tissue, Large cells that produce and conduct electrical signals called action potentials. Three major components: Cell body, dendrites, and axon.

A

Neurons

114
Q

Cells that support the structure and functions of neurons

A

Neuroglia, Gila, or Glial Cells.

115
Q

The main, central part of the cell contains the nucleus and all major organelles. Also called perikaryon or the soma

A

Cell body

116
Q

Narrow, branched filaments that conduct action potentials toward the cell body.

A

Dendrites

117
Q

A single filament that conducts action potentials away from the cell body

A

Axon

118
Q

System consisting of skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands

A

Integumentary System

119
Q

The largest organ in the body
Function: Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, excretion, blood reservoir, and vitamin D production

A

Skin

120
Q

Outer skin layer that is variable in thickness and contains no blood vessels. made of stratified squamous. Keratinized, Consists of four types of cells: Keratinocytes, Melaocyes, Langerhans Cells, Markel’s cells. Divided into five layer: Stratum basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum.

A

Epidermis

121
Q

Cells that produce keratin; constitute 90% of epidermal cells.

A

Keratinocytes,

122
Q

Cells that produce melanin. Melanin is transferred to Keratinocytes,

A

Melanocytes

123
Q

A pigment that absorbs dangerous UV light to protect the DNA in the nucleus

A

Melanin

124
Q

A type of phagocyte that has a role in immunity

A

Langerhans Cells

125
Q

Cells found in the deepest part of the epidermis in hairless skin. They interact with a type of neuron called a Merkel’s disc to form touch receptors.

A

Merkel’s cells

126
Q

One layer of cubodial or columnar cells at the basal surface of the epidermis; contain Keratinocytes and melanocytes, exhibits a high mitotic rate

A

Stratum Basale

127
Q

8-10 layers of closely packed, “spiked” cells; mostly Keratinocytes with few melanocytes, and langerhans cells; these cells have a spiked appearance because they are shrinking

A

Stratum Spinosum

128
Q

3-5 layers of flat cells containing Keratinocytes,; the layer where keratinization begins

A

Stratum granulosum

129
Q

3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells found only in thick skin(of the palms and soles)

A

Stratum Lucidum

130
Q

Approximately 30 layers of flat, dead cells that are completely filled with keratin

A

Stratum Corneum(the cornified layer)

131
Q

An irregularly arranged CT layer containing numerous elastic and collagen fibers contains many fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes. Contains touch receptors called Meissner’s Corpuscles. Two layers :Papillary region, and Reticular Region

A

Dermis

132
Q

Touch Receptors in the Dermis

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

133
Q

A layer of loose CT with many collagen and elastic fibers

A

Hypodermic/ Subcutaneous Layer

134
Q

Anatomical Name for hair

A

Pili

135
Q

Considered too “Downgrowths” of the epidermis that are anchored in the dermis. Functions include protection, and enhancement of facial expression.

Structure: Shaft, root, cuticle, cortex, and medulla

A

Hair

136
Q

the part of a hair that extends above the surface of the skin

A

Shaft

137
Q

The part of a hair that is embedded under the surface of the skin

A

root

138
Q

The outer, keratinized layer of the shaft or the root; somewhat waterproof

A

Cuticle

139
Q

The layer of a hair just under the cuticle; contains pigments in dark hair, but contains mostly air in light-colored hair

A

Cortex

140
Q

The inner core of a hair contains, both pigment and air

A

Medulla

141
Q

Root of each hair attached to an, causes the hair to stand on end during periods of cold or stress

A

Arrector Pili

142
Q

Nerve ending associated with the root. It senses movement of the hair

A

Root hair Plexus

143
Q

Flat plates of tightly packed keratinized cells. Function includes protection and enhancement of the ability to grasp objects.
Structure: body, free edge, root

A

Nails

144
Q

Sweat glands

A

sudoriferous glands

145
Q

Oil Glands

A

Sebaceous glands

146
Q

Wax Glands

A

Ceruminous glands

147
Q

White blood cells-immunity

A

Leukocytes

148
Q

Red Blood cells, transport O2 and CO2

A

Erythrocyte

149
Q

Platelets, blood clotting

A

Thrombocytes

150
Q

Order of Cell Cycle

A

Interphases(G, S, G2) and Mitosis-Sphase and DNA replication

151
Q

DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

152
Q

RNA to Protein

A

Translation

153
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

154
Q

Initiation of Translation

A

start of translation

155
Q

Elongation of Translation

A

When each tRNA carries an amino acid, as the amino acids line, peptide bonds form from making chains.

156
Q

Termination of Translation

A

Chains are built until tRNA reads for a stop codon.

157
Q

Compact bones

A

Osteones

158
Q

Spongy Bones

A

Tuabeculla

159
Q

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

A

Codon

160
Q

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

A

Anticodon

161
Q

Freckles or liver spots

A

Melanocytes in a patch

162
Q

Albinism

A

inherited lack of tyrosinase, bo pigment

163
Q

Autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin produces white patches

A

Vitiligo

164
Q

All over body and open directly onto skin’s surface

A

Eccrine Sweat Glands

165
Q

Develop during puberty, musky odor, found in armpits and groin area, open to hair follicle and turn to surface and skin

A

Apocrine

166
Q

Most common/least malignant, stratum basale layer is affected

A

Basal cell carcinoma

167
Q

Keratinocytes of stratum spinosum affected

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

168
Q

Cancer of melanocytes, most dangerous, chemo resistant

A

Melanoma

169
Q

Epidermis affected, sunburn-no blisters

A

First degree burn

170
Q

Epidermis and dermis, blisters

A

Second Degree burn

171
Q

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous later, serve injury-slow healing

A

Third Degree burn

Ant and Physiology (2 decks)

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