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Ant and Physiology > Chapter 1- 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1- 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Science of the structure and how they are related to one another

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The Study of Function

A

Physiology

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3
Q

chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

A

Level of Organization from least to most complex

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4
Q

Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes Vitamin D, and Houses cutaneous(Pain, Pressure,etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands.

Contains: Hair, Skin, Nails

A

Integumentary Systems

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5
Q

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bone stores minerals.

Contains: Joint, and Bones

A

Skeletal System

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6
Q

Allows Manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Contains: Skeletal muscles

A

Muscular System

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7
Q

As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Contains: Brain, Nerves, and Spinal Cord

A

Nervous Systems

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8
Q

Glands secrete hormones the regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use(metabolism) by body cells.

Contains: Ovary, Testis, Pancreas, Adrenal Gland, Thymus, Thyroid Gland, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland

A

Endocrine System

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9
Q

Blood Vessels, transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. the heart pumps.

Contains: Blood Vessels and Heart

A

Cardiovascular System

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10
Q

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it from blood vessels and return it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells(lymphocytes) are involved in immunity. The attack against foreign substances within the body.

Contains: Red bone marrow, Thymus, Lymphatic Vessels, Thoracic Duct, Spleen, Lymph Nodes.

A

Lymphatic System/Immunity

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11
Q

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Contains: Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Lung, Trachea, Bronchus

A

Respiratory System

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12
Q

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces.

Contains: Anus, Rectum, Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Stomach, Liver, Oral Cavity, Esophagus

A

Digestive System

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13
Q

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood

Contains: Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra

A

Urinary Systems

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14
Q

Overall function is production of offspring. Tests produce sperm and male sex hormone and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Contain: Penis, Testis, Scrotum, Ductus deferens, prostate, mammy glands, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina

A

Male and Female Reproductive System

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15
Q

Structures that can be seen and examined without a microscope

A

Gross Anatomy

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16
Q

The study of microscopic structures

A

Histrology

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17
Q

Atom, Molecule, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Organism

A

Biological Hierarchy/Levels of Structural Organization(From least to most complex)

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18
Q

Breaking down molecules

A

Catabolism

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19
Q

The building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

A

Anabolism

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19
Q

Keeping the body at equilibrium or maintaining a constant, balanced internal environment.

A

Homeostasis

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20
Q

Reduces or reverses a change(for the better),the end product or end response affects the starting material.

A

Negative Feedback Look

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21
Q

Enhances a change(for the worse)

A

Positive Feedback Loop

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22
Q

Monitors in environment (input information) Responds to the stimuli by sending information along the afferent(approaching) pathway to the control center.

A

Receptor

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23
Q

Determine the set point (98.6 degrees) Analyze input information (from receptor) and determine a response= output information, output info flows through an efferent pathway (exiting) to do the body

A

Control Center

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24
Q

Carry out the response of the control center’s response to stimuli

A

Effectore

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25
Q

Contains the brain, enclosed by the skull

A

Cranial

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26
Q

Contains the spinal cord,enclosed by the vertebral column(back bone)

A

Vertebral

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27
Q

The chest cavity (formed by the ribs and sterum)

A

Thoracic

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28
Q

Contains the ehart

A

Pericardial Cavity

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29
Q

Contains the lungs

A

Plural Cavity

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30
Q

Everything between the lungs

A

Mediastinum

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31
Q

A muscular organ involved in breathing, it separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelivc cavity

A

Diaphragm

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32
Q

Contains the abdominal cavity (digestive organs) and the pelvic cavity(Urinary and reproductive organ)

A

Abdominopelvic

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33
Q

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

Viscera(internal organs)

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34
Q

Body Cavity Membranes

A

Serous membranes

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35
Q

Lines the walls of the cavities of serous membranes

A

Parietal Layer

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36
Q

Cover the viscera in the cavities of serous membranes

A

Visceral layer

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37
Q

Serous membrane of the pleural cavities

A

pleura

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38
Q

Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

A

Pericardium

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39
Q

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

A

Pertitoneum

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40
Q

Upper Right Quadrant

Contains: Liver and Gallbladder

A

Right Hypochondriac Region

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41
Q

Between RLQ and RUQ

Contains: Ascending colon of large intestine

A

Right Lumber Region

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42
Q

RLQ

Contains: Cecum and Appendix

A

right inguinal(iliac) region

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43
Q

Between RUQ and LUQ

Contains: Stomach

A

Epigastric Region

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44
Q

Between all four quadrants

Contains: Small intestine and transverse colon of large intestine

A

Umbilical Region

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45
Q

between RLQ and LLQ

Contains: Urinary Bladder

A

Pubic (hypogastric) region

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46
Q

LUQ

Contains: Diaphragm Spleen

A

Left Hypochondriac Region

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47
Q

Between LUQ and LLQ

Contains: Descending colon of large intestine

A

Left Lateral(Lumbar) region

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48
Q

LLQ

Contains: Initial part of Sigmoid colon

A

Left Inguinal(iliac) region

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49
Q

Lower back

A

Lumbar region

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50
Q

end of the spine, directly above the buttocks

A

Sacral Region

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51
Q

Head Area

A

Cephalic Region

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52
Q

Where the shoulder bones are found

A

Acromial Region

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53
Q

Upper part of the back and chest

A

Thoracic region

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54
Q

buttocks

A

gluteal region

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55
Q

Calf Area

A

Sural region

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56
Q

Heel

A

Calcaneal Region

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57
Q

Sole of the foot

A

Planatar region

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58
Q

Thigh Area

A

Femoral region

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59
Q

Back of the knee

A

popliteal region

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60
Q

head and skull

A

cranial region or cephalic region

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61
Q

forehead

A

frontal region

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62
Q

eyes

A

orbital or ocular region

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63
Q

cheeks

A

buccal region

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64
Q

ears

A

auricle or otic region

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65
Q

nose

A

nasal region

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66
Q

mouth

A

oral region

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67
Q

chin

A

mental region

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68
Q

neck

A

cervical region

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69
Q

chest

A

thoracic region

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70
Q

breast

A

mammory region

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71
Q

muscles of the chest

A

pectoral region

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72
Q

sternum

A

Sternal region

73
Q

stomach area

A

abdominal region

74
Q

center of the abdomen/bellybutton

A

umbilicus or naval

75
Q

hip area

A

coxal region

76
Q

the area above the genitals

A

pubic region

77
Q

groin region between the legs and genitals

A

Inguinal

78
Q

Surrounding the genitals

A

pubic region

79
Q

thighs

A

femoral region

80
Q

knee

A

patellar region

81
Q

shin area of the leg

A

crural region

82
Q

ankle

A

tarsal region

83
Q

foot

A

pedal region

84
Q

great toe

A

hallux

85
Q

armpit

A

axillary region

86
Q

upper arm

A

brachial region

87
Q

front of the elbow

A

antecubital region

88
Q

forearm

A

antebrachial region

89
Q

wrist

A

carpal region

90
Q

Palm

A

palmar region

91
Q

fingers or toes

A

digital/phalangeal region

92
Q

thumb

A

pollex

93
Q

hand

A

manus

94
Q

Standing upright, face forward, arms at sides, palms forward, legs together, feet flat on floor and pointing forward

A

Anatomical position

95
Q

65% of the body, produces ATP

A

Oxygen

96
Q

18.5-19% of the body, makes up all organic molecules(carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins)

A

carbon

97
Q

9.5% of the body, controls the pH of the blood

A

hydrogen

98
Q

3% of the body, makes up nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, and Proteins

A

nitrogen

99
Q

Trace element, bones and teeth health

A

calcium

100
Q

Trace element, nerve impulses

A

potassium

101
Q

Trace element, muscle contraction

A

sodium

102
Q

Strongest bonds resulting from the sharing of electrons

A

Covalent

103
Q

Bonds resulting from interactions between negative and positively charged atom i.e. ions)

A

Ionic

104
Q

Bonds resulting from interaction between hydrogen and an electronegative atom (usually nitrogen and or oxygen)

A

hydrogen

105
Q

Build larger molecules

A

Anabolic reaction

106
Q

break down molecules

A

catabolic reaction

107
Q

Water molecules sticking to each other

A

Cohesion

108
Q

Water molecules sticking to other molecules

A

Adhesion

109
Q

Comes from the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree

A

Calorie

110
Q

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

A

Organic Compounds

111
Q

Compounds that DO NOT contain carbon and hydrogen

A

Inorganic compounds

112
Q

Forms a polymer by losing a water molecule

A

Dehydration Synthesis Reactions

113
Q

Breaks down a polymer by splitting a water molecule

A

Hydrolysis reaction

114
Q

An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxl ion(OH-)

When dissolved in water, salts dissociates into their component ions

A

Salt

115
Q

Substance that conduct an electrical current is solution

A

Electrolytes

116
Q

C(Carbon)H(Hydrogen)O(Oxygen)

Building Blocks: Glucose

Provide energy for cells indirectly or provide some kind of structure

A

Carbohydrates

117
Q

One Sugar unit
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

A

Monosaccharides

118
Q

Two Sugar unit
Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose

A

Disaccharides

119
Q

Many Sugar Units

Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose,

Storage Carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides

120
Q

The Principle carbohydrate that the human body uses to obtain energy

A

Glucose

121
Q

Sugar found in fruits

A

Fructose

122
Q

“table” sugar, Glucose and Fructose

A

sucrose

123
Q

“malt” sugar, glucose and glucose

A

maltose

124
Q

“milk” sugar, glucose, and galactose

A

lactose

125
Q

Chains of glucose, storage in animals

A

Starch

126
Q

Chains of glucose, storage in animals

A

Glycogen

127
Q

“Fiber” indigestible portions of plants

A

Cellulose

128
Q

Structure in cell membrane, provide energy

Includes fat,s oils, and waxes

hold more calories then carbs and are insoluble in water

primarily structure in the form of triglyceride

A

Lipid

129
Q

most common lipid
Glycerol plus 3 fatty acids

A

triglycerides

130
Q

Are rich in single chemical bonds and are generally considered bad (raise Cholesterol and BPM)

Solid at room temp, full of single bonds between the carbons, the carbons are way closer to each other which cause packing

A

Saturated Fats

131
Q

Are rich in double chemical bonds and are generally considered “ok”

Liquid at room temp, has double bonds between some of the carbons

A

Unsaturated fats

132
Q

Contain CHON(nitrogen)

Building blocks are amino acids

Many polypeptides come together to form a protein

Proteins have different shapes, the shape help decide the job that protein has.

A

Proteins

133
Q

20 found in nature

forms peptide bonds with each other to form a polypeptide

Three Main Groups
-Carboxyl group
-R-group (Variable-determines the amino acid)
-Amine Group

Comes together through dehydration synthesis

A

Amino Acid

134
Q

Catalyze specific chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

135
Q

Strengthen and protect cells and tissues

A

Structural Proteins

136
Q

Store Nutrients

A

Storage Proteins

137
Q

Transport specific substances between cells

A

Transport Proteins

138
Q

Some are proteins hormones, some control the expression of specific genes

A

Regulatory Proteins

139
Q

Participate in Cellular movements

A

Motile Proteins

140
Q

Defend against foreign invaders

A

Protective Proteins

141
Q

The amino acid sequence

A

primary structure

142
Q

Regular structure the amino acids take
-Alpha helix or beta pleats

A

Secondary Structure

143
Q

The final 3-D structure the protein takes based on various molecular interactions (i.e. bonds)

A

Tertiary Structure

144
Q

Sometimes two or more tertiary structures interact with each other to make a very complex protein

A

Quaterinary Structure

145
Q

The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules

A

Catabolsim

146
Q

The building of complex molecules from simpler molecules

A

Anabolism

147
Q

Are composed of nucletoides which are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a base containing nitrogen and phosphate group

A

Nucleic Acids

148
Q

ATP is able to power cellular processes by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule (a process called phosphorylation). This transfer is carried out by special enzymes that couple the release of energy from ATP to cellular activities that require energy.

A

ATP Process

149
Q

Atomic #6

A

Carbon

150
Q

Atomic #8

A

Oxygen

151
Q

Atomic #7

A

Nitrogen

152
Q

Atomic #15

A

Phosphorus

153
Q

Cells are measured in micrometers

cells are smaller

makes it easier to maintain homeostasis

Overcome potential surface area and internal transport problems

Size and shape are usually related to function(structure/function relationships are very important in A and P Studies)

A

Size of a Cell

154
Q

The membrane encloses the cell and gives it structure, support, and protection

It allows certain molecules in and keeps others out

A

The Plasma Membrane

155
Q

Inside the cell contains and cytoplasm and inside the cytoplasm is cytosol

A

Intracellular Fluid

156
Q

Have the metabolic reactions, hold the cytoskeleton, contains organelles, H2O and solute, and inclusions

A

Cytosol

157
Q

Not membrane bond like ribosomes needed for protein synthesis and are endoplasmic reticulum

A

Inclusions

158
Q

Outside the cell

A

Extracellular Fluid

159
Q

Lipid + Phosphate

Polar(hydrophilic) Phosphate Choline Head

Non-polar(hydrophobic) fatty acid tails

A

Phospholipid

160
Q

Phospholipid and sugar chain on surface (lipid and sugar)

Energy source

Cell recognition

A

Glycolipid

161
Q

Lipid

Stability

Maintains fluidility

A

Cholesterol

162
Q

Expand the whole membrane

Span the membrane

Transport large polar molecules

A

Integral Proteins

163
Q

Outside the membrane

lie on surface

structure

communication

A

Peripheral Proteins

164
Q

Sugarchain plus protein]

Strucuture

Receptors for enzymes

A

Oligosaccharide and Glycoprotein

165
Q

Dynamic lipid assembles

A

Lipid Rafts

166
Q

Sugar Coating
-The layer made up glycoproteins

A

Glyocalyx

167
Q

Move materials that cannot cross the membrane(Due to charge, size or both)

For facilitated transport(No ATP needed)

Active transport(Requires ATP)

A

Transport

168
Q

Bonds to hormone

bonding triggers and signal that starts reaction in cell(Insulin and Glucose)

A

receptor for signaling

169
Q

Catalyze biochemical reactions

A

Enzymatic Activities

170
Q

Regulate Passage of Materials

Surface for chemical reactions

Communicate with other cells

transmit signals

Help in energy transfer and storage

A

Major Function of Biological Membranes

171
Q

The plasma membrane is fluid in nature and allows for transitions

Fluidity allows for transports across the membrane

Regulatory mechanisms exist to keep the membrane fluid at varying temp

The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Membranes are Fluid

172
Q

Certain Materials allowed to cross the membrane: size, charge, and lipid Solubility

Small, nonpolar(hydrophobic) molecules pass through easily.

A

permeable membrane.

173
Q

A substance dissovled in liquids

A

Solute

174
Q

: A liquid in which other substances are dissolved

A

Solvent

175
Q

The difference in concentrations of a substance between 2 places

Movement along/with the concentration gradient(down)
HConcentration > L concentration(No ATP)

Movement against con gradient
LConcentration > H concentration(ATP)

A

Concentration Gradient

176
Q

The degree to which a memebrane allows stuff to move

A

Permeability

177
Q

Solute molecules moves from area of high soluble concentration to low solute concentration

A

Simple Diffusion

178
Q

Type of diffusion in which the solvent moves from areas of low solute to high solute concentration

A

Osmosis

179
Q

Water moves from Lsolute > H solute

High solvent concentration

Cell shrink(water moves out of the cell)

A

Hypertonic Environment

180
Q

Cell Swells

lower solute concentration

water goes into the cell

A

Hypotonic

181
Q

All things in the cell are equal

The cell is stable(Homeostasis)

A

Isotonic

Ant and Physiology (2 decks)

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