Chapter 1- 3 Flashcards by Megan Ursillo

Science of the structure and how they are related to one another

Anatomy

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The Study of Function

Physiology

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chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

Level of Organization from least to most complex

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Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes Vitamin D, and Houses cutaneous(Pain, Pressure,etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands.

Contains: Hair, Skin, Nails

Integumentary Systems

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Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bone stores minerals.

Contains: Joint, and Bones

Skeletal System

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Allows Manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Contains: Skeletal muscles

Muscular System

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As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Contains: Brain, Nerves, and Spinal Cord

Nervous Systems

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Glands secrete hormones the regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use(metabolism) by body cells.

Contains: Ovary, Testis, Pancreas, Adrenal Gland, Thymus, Thyroid Gland, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland

Endocrine System

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Blood Vessels, transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. the heart pumps.

Contains: Blood Vessels and Heart

Cardiovascular System

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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it from blood vessels and return it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells(lymphocytes) are involved in immunity. The attack against foreign substances within the body.

Contains: Red bone marrow, Thymus, Lymphatic Vessels, Thoracic Duct, Spleen, Lymph Nodes.

Lymphatic System/Immunity

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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Contains: Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Lung, Trachea, Bronchus

Respiratory System

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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces.

Contains: Anus, Rectum, Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Stomach, Liver, Oral Cavity, Esophagus

Digestive System

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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood

Contains: Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra

Urinary Systems

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Overall function is production of offspring. Tests produce sperm and male sex hormone and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Contain: Penis, Testis, Scrotum, Ductus deferens, prostate, mammy glands, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina

Male and Female Reproductive System

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Structures that can be seen and examined without a microscope

Gross Anatomy

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The study of microscopic structures

Histrology

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Atom, Molecule, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Organism

Biological Hierarchy/Levels of Structural Organization(From least to most complex)

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Breaking down molecules

Catabolism

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The building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

Anabolism

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Keeping the body at equilibrium or maintaining a constant, balanced internal environment.

Homeostasis

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Reduces or reverses a change(for the better),the end product or end response affects the starting material.

Negative Feedback Look

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Enhances a change(for the worse)

Positive Feedback Loop

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Monitors in environment (input information) Responds to the stimuli by sending information along the afferent(approaching) pathway to the control center.

Receptor

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Determine the set point (98.6 degrees) Analyze input information (from receptor) and determine a response= output information, output info flows through an efferent pathway (exiting) to do the body

Control Center

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Carry out the response of the control center's response to stimuli

Effectore

Contains the brain, enclosed by the skull

Cranial

Contains the spinal cord,enclosed by the vertebral column(back bone)

Vertebral

The chest cavity (formed by the ribs and sterum)

Thoracic

Contains the ehart

Pericardial Cavity

Contains the lungs

Plural Cavity

Everything between the lungs

Mediastinum

A muscular organ involved in breathing, it separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelivc cavity

Diaphragm

Contains the abdominal cavity (digestive organs) and the pelvic cavity(Urinary and reproductive organ)

Abdominopelvic

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Viscera(internal organs)

Body Cavity Membranes

Serous membranes

Lines the walls of the cavities of serous membranes

Parietal Layer

Cover the viscera in the cavities of serous membranes

Visceral layer

Serous membrane of the pleural cavities

pleura

Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

Pericardium

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

Pertitoneum

Upper Right Quadrant Contains: Liver and Gallbladder

Right Hypochondriac Region

Between RLQ and RUQ Contains: Ascending colon of large intestine

Right Lumber Region

RLQ Contains: Cecum and Appendix

right inguinal(iliac) region

Between RUQ and LUQ Contains: Stomach

Epigastric Region

Between all four quadrants Contains: Small intestine and transverse colon of large intestine

Umbilical Region

between RLQ and LLQ Contains: Urinary Bladder

Pubic (hypogastric) region

LUQ Contains: Diaphragm Spleen

Left Hypochondriac Region

Between LUQ and LLQ Contains: Descending colon of large intestine

Left Lateral(Lumbar) region

LLQ Contains: Initial part of Sigmoid colon

Left Inguinal(iliac) region

Lower back

Lumbar region

end of the spine, directly above the buttocks

Sacral Region

Head Area

Cephalic Region

Where the shoulder bones are found

Acromial Region

Upper part of the back and chest

Thoracic region

buttocks

gluteal region

Calf Area

Sural region

Heel

Calcaneal Region

Sole of the foot

Planatar region

Thigh Area

Femoral region

Back of the knee

popliteal region

head and skull

cranial region or cephalic region

forehead

frontal region

eyes

orbital or ocular region

cheeks

buccal region

ears

auricle or otic region

nose

nasal region

mouth

oral region

chin

mental region

neck

cervical region

chest

thoracic region

breast

mammory region

muscles of the chest

pectoral region

sternum

Sternal region

stomach area

abdominal region

center of the abdomen/bellybutton

umbilicus or naval

hip area

coxal region

the area above the genitals

pubic region

groin region between the legs and genitals

Inguinal

Surrounding the genitals

pubic region

thighs

femoral region

knee

patellar region

shin area of the leg

crural region

ankle

tarsal region

foot

pedal region

great toe

hallux

armpit

axillary region

upper arm

brachial region

front of the elbow

antecubital region

forearm

antebrachial region

wrist

carpal region

Palm

palmar region

fingers or toes

digital/phalangeal region

thumb

pollex

hand

manus

Standing upright, face forward, arms at sides, palms forward, legs together, feet flat on floor and pointing forward

Anatomical position

65% of the body, produces ATP

Oxygen

18.5-19% of the body, makes up all organic molecules(carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins)

carbon

9.5% of the body, controls the pH of the blood

hydrogen

3% of the body, makes up nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, and Proteins

nitrogen

Trace element, bones and teeth health

calcium

Trace element, nerve impulses

potassium

Trace element, muscle contraction

sodium

Strongest bonds resulting from the sharing of electrons

Covalent

Bonds resulting from interactions between negative and positively charged atom i.e. ions)

Ionic

Bonds resulting from interaction between hydrogen and an electronegative atom (usually nitrogen and or oxygen)

hydrogen

Build larger molecules

Anabolic reaction

break down molecules

catabolic reaction

Water molecules sticking to each other

Cohesion

Water molecules sticking to other molecules

Adhesion

Comes from the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree

Calorie

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

Organic Compounds

Compounds that DO NOT contain carbon and hydrogen

Inorganic compounds

Forms a polymer by losing a water molecule

Dehydration Synthesis Reactions

Breaks down a polymer by splitting a water molecule

Hydrolysis reaction

An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxl ion(OH-) When dissolved in water, salts dissociates into their component ions

Salt

Substance that conduct an electrical current is solution

Electrolytes

C(Carbon)H(Hydrogen)O(Oxygen) Building Blocks: Glucose Provide energy for cells indirectly or provide some kind of structure

Carbohydrates

One Sugar unit Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

Monosaccharides

Two Sugar unit Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose

Disaccharides

Many Sugar Units Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose, Storage Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

The Principle carbohydrate that the human body uses to obtain energy

Glucose

Sugar found in fruits

Fructose

"table" sugar, Glucose and Fructose

sucrose

"malt" sugar, glucose and glucose

maltose

"milk" sugar, glucose, and galactose

lactose

Chains of glucose, storage in animals

Starch

Chains of glucose, storage in animals

Glycogen

"Fiber" indigestible portions of plants

Cellulose

Structure in cell membrane, provide energy Includes fat,s oils, and waxes hold more calories then carbs and are insoluble in water primarily structure in the form of triglyceride

Lipid

most common lipid Glycerol plus 3 fatty acids

triglycerides

Are rich in single chemical bonds and are generally considered bad (raise Cholesterol and BPM) Solid at room temp, full of single bonds between the carbons, the carbons are way closer to each other which cause packing

Saturated Fats

Are rich in double chemical bonds and are generally considered "ok" Liquid at room temp, has double bonds between some of the carbons

Unsaturated fats

Contain CHON(nitrogen) Building blocks are amino acids Many polypeptides come together to form a protein Proteins have different shapes, the shape help decide the job that protein has.

Proteins

20 found in nature forms peptide bonds with each other to form a polypeptide Three Main Groups -Carboxyl group -R-group (Variable-determines the amino acid) -Amine Group Comes together through dehydration synthesis

Amino Acid

Catalyze specific chemical reactions

Enzymes

Strengthen and protect cells and tissues

Structural Proteins

Store Nutrients

Storage Proteins

Transport specific substances between cells

Transport Proteins

Some are proteins hormones, some control the expression of specific genes

Regulatory Proteins

Participate in Cellular movements

Motile Proteins

Defend against foreign invaders

Protective Proteins

The amino acid sequence

primary structure

Regular structure the amino acids take -Alpha helix or beta pleats

Secondary Structure

The final 3-D structure the protein takes based on various molecular interactions (i.e. bonds)

Tertiary Structure

Sometimes two or more tertiary structures interact with each other to make a very complex protein

Quaterinary Structure

The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules

Catabolsim

The building of complex molecules from simpler molecules

Anabolism

Are composed of nucletoides which are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a base containing nitrogen and phosphate group

Nucleic Acids

ATP is able to power cellular processes by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule (a process called phosphorylation). This transfer is carried out by special enzymes that couple the release of energy from ATP to cellular activities that require energy.

ATP Process

Atomic #6

Carbon

Atomic #8

Oxygen

Atomic #7

Nitrogen

Atomic #15

Phosphorus

Cells are measured in micrometers cells are smaller makes it easier to maintain homeostasis Overcome potential surface area and internal transport problems Size and shape are usually related to function(structure/function relationships are very important in A and P Studies)

Size of a Cell

The membrane encloses the cell and gives it structure, support, and protection It allows certain molecules in and keeps others out

The Plasma Membrane

Inside the cell contains and cytoplasm and inside the cytoplasm is cytosol

Intracellular Fluid

Have the metabolic reactions, hold the cytoskeleton, contains organelles, H2O and solute, and inclusions

Cytosol

Not membrane bond like ribosomes needed for protein synthesis and are endoplasmic reticulum

Inclusions

Outside the cell

Extracellular Fluid

Lipid + Phosphate Polar(hydrophilic) Phosphate Choline Head Non-polar(hydrophobic) fatty acid tails

Phospholipid

Phospholipid and sugar chain on surface (lipid and sugar) Energy source Cell recognition

Glycolipid

Lipid Stability Maintains fluidility

Cholesterol

Expand the whole membrane Span the membrane Transport large polar molecules

Integral Proteins

Outside the membrane lie on surface structure communication

Peripheral Proteins

Sugarchain plus protein] Strucuture Receptors for enzymes

Oligosaccharide and Glycoprotein

Dynamic lipid assembles

Lipid Rafts

Sugar Coating -The layer made up glycoproteins

Glyocalyx

Move materials that cannot cross the membrane(Due to charge, size or both) For facilitated transport(No ATP needed) Active transport(Requires ATP)

Transport

Bonds to hormone bonding triggers and signal that starts reaction in cell(Insulin and Glucose)

receptor for signaling

Catalyze biochemical reactions

Enzymatic Activities

Regulate Passage of Materials Surface for chemical reactions Communicate with other cells transmit signals Help in energy transfer and storage

Major Function of Biological Membranes

The plasma membrane is fluid in nature and allows for transitions Fluidity allows for transports across the membrane Regulatory mechanisms exist to keep the membrane fluid at varying temp The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane.

Membranes are Fluid

Certain Materials allowed to cross the membrane: size, charge, and lipid Solubility Small, nonpolar(hydrophobic) molecules pass through easily.

permeable membrane.

A substance dissovled in liquids

Solute

: A liquid in which other substances are dissolved

Solvent

The difference in concentrations of a substance between 2 places Movement along/with the concentration gradient(down) HConcentration > L concentration(No ATP) Movement against con gradient LConcentration > H concentration(ATP)

Concentration Gradient

The degree to which a memebrane allows stuff to move

Permeability

Solute molecules moves from area of high soluble concentration to low solute concentration

Simple Diffusion

Type of diffusion in which the solvent moves from areas of low solute to high solute concentration

Osmosis

Water moves from Lsolute > H solute High solvent concentration Cell shrink(water moves out of the cell)

Hypertonic Environment

Cell Swells lower solute concentration water goes into the cell

Hypotonic

All things in the cell are equal The cell is stable(Homeostasis)

Isotonic