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PSY 234 Test 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genes of any organism

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2
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic material an individual inherits

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3
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behavior

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4
Q

Environment

A

Every aspect of an individual and his or her surroundings other than genes

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

Molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information

Made up of DNA

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6
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Molecules that carry all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism

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7
Q

Genes

A

Sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things

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8
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

The chromosomes (X & Y) that determine an individual’s gender

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9
Q

Mutation

A

A change in a section of DNA

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10
Q

Crossing Over

A

The process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to the other; crossing over promotes variability among individuals

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11
Q

Regulator Genes

A

Genes that control the activity of other genes

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12
Q

Alleles

A

Two or more different forms of a gene

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13
Q

Dominant Allele

A

The allele that, if present, gets expressed

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14
Q

Recessive Allele

A

The allele that is not expressed if a dominant allele is present

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15
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two of the same allele for a trait

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16
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a trait

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17
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Inheritance in which traits are governed by more than one gene

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18
Q

Norm of Reaction

A

All the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive and develop

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19
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

PKU

A disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of phenylalanine

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20
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

The science concerned with how variation in behavior and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors

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21
Q

Heritable

A

Refers to any characteristics or traits that are influenced by heredity

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22
Q

Multifactorial

A

Refers to traits that are affected by a host of environmental factors as well as genetic ones

23
Q

Heritability

A

A statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals

24
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that are specialized for sending and receiving messages between the brain and all parts of the body, as well as within the brain itself

25
Q

Cell Body

A

A component of the neuron that contains the basic biological material that keeps the neuron from functioning

26
Q

Dendrites

A

Neural fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electrical impulses

27
Q

Axons

A

Neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons

28
Q

Synapses

A

Microscopic junctions between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendritic branches or cell body of another

29
Q

Glial Cells

A

Cells in the brain that provide a variety of critical supportive functions

30
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A fatty sheath that forms around certain axons in the body and increases the speed and efficiency of information transmission

31
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The gray matter of the brain that plays a primary role in what is thought to be particularly humanlike functioning
Seeing and hearing to writing to feeling emotion

32
Q

Lobes

A

Major areas of the cortex associated with general categories of behavior

33
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The lobe of the cortex that is primarily involved in processing visual information

34
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

The lobe of the cortex that is associated with memory, visual recognition, and the processing of emotions and auditory information

35
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Governs spatial processing as well as integrating sensory input with information stored in memory

36
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Associated with organizing behavior

One that is responsible for the human ability to plan ahead

37
Q

Association Areas

A

Parts of the brain that lie between the major sensory and motor areas, and that process and integrate input from those areas

38
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The two halves of the cortex

Sensory input from one side of the body goes to the opposite hemisphere of the brain

39
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A dense tract of nerve fibers that enable the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate

40
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The proliferation of neurons through cell division

41
Q

Event-Related Potentials

A

ERPs

Changes in the brain’s electrical activity that occur in response to the presentation of a particular stimulus

42
Q

Spines

A

Formations on the dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrites’ capacity to form connections with other neurons

43
Q

Myelination

A

The formation of myelin around the axons of neurons that speeds and increases information-processing abilities

44
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

The process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections

45
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

The normal developmental process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated

46
Q

Plasticity

A

The capacity of the brain to be affected by experience

47
Q

Experience-Expectant Plasticity

A

The process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal environment will have

48
Q

Experience-Dependent Plasticity

A

The process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual’s experiences

49
Q

What is the basic unit of the brain’s informational system?

A

Neurons

50
Q

How do neurons transmit information?

A

Electrical signals

51
Q

What is the cortex involved in?

A

A wide variety of higher mental functions

52
Q

What are some processes that are involved in brain development? (4)

A

Neurogenesis
Differentiation of neurons
Synaptogenesis
Synaptic pruning

53
Q

What does plasticity help with?

A

Making it possible for the brain to be able to rewire itself in response to damage, in certain circumstances
Makes the developing brain vulnerable to the absence of stimulation at sensitive periods in development

54
Q

The ability of the brain to recover from injury depends on what?

A

Someone’s age

PSY 234 Test 1 (4 decks)

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