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PSY 234 Test 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genes of any organism

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2
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic material an individual inherits

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3
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behavior

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4
Q

Environment

A

Every aspect of an individual and his or her surroundings other than genes

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

Molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information

Made up of DNA

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6
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Molecules that carry all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism

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7
Q

Genes

A

Sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things

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8
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

The chromosomes (X & Y) that determine an individual’s gender

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9
Q

Mutation

A

A change in a section of DNA

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10
Q

Crossing Over

A

The process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to the other; crossing over promotes variability among individuals

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11
Q

Regulator Genes

A

Genes that control the activity of other genes

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12
Q

Alleles

A

Two or more different forms of a gene

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13
Q

Dominant Allele

A

The allele that, if present, gets expressed

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14
Q

Recessive Allele

A

The allele that is not expressed if a dominant allele is present

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15
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two of the same allele for a trait

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16
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a trait

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17
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Inheritance in which traits are governed by more than one gene

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18
Q

Norm of Reaction

A

All the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive and develop

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19
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

PKU

A disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of phenylalanine

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20
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

The science concerned with how variation in behavior and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors

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21
Q

Heritable

A

Refers to any characteristics or traits that are influenced by heredity

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22
Q

Multifactorial

A

Refers to traits that are affected by a host of environmental factors as well as genetic ones

23
Q

Heritability

A

A statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals

24
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that are specialized for sending and receiving messages between the brain and all parts of the body, as well as within the brain itself

25
Cell Body
A component of the neuron that contains the basic biological material that keeps the neuron from functioning
26
Dendrites
Neural fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electrical impulses
27
Axons
Neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons
28
Synapses
Microscopic junctions between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendritic branches or cell body of another
29
Glial Cells
Cells in the brain that provide a variety of critical supportive functions
30
Myelin Sheath
A fatty sheath that forms around certain axons in the body and increases the speed and efficiency of information transmission
31
Cerebral Cortex
The gray matter of the brain that plays a primary role in what is thought to be particularly humanlike functioning Seeing and hearing to writing to feeling emotion
32
Lobes
Major areas of the cortex associated with general categories of behavior
33
Occipital Lobe
The lobe of the cortex that is primarily involved in processing visual information
34
Temporal Lobe
The lobe of the cortex that is associated with memory, visual recognition, and the processing of emotions and auditory information
35
Parietal Lobe
Governs spatial processing as well as integrating sensory input with information stored in memory
36
Frontal Lobe
Associated with organizing behavior | One that is responsible for the human ability to plan ahead
37
Association Areas
Parts of the brain that lie between the major sensory and motor areas, and that process and integrate input from those areas
38
Cerebral Hemispheres
The two halves of the cortex | Sensory input from one side of the body goes to the opposite hemisphere of the brain
39
Corpus Callosum
A dense tract of nerve fibers that enable the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate
40
Neurogenesis
The proliferation of neurons through cell division
41
Event-Related Potentials
ERPs | Changes in the brain's electrical activity that occur in response to the presentation of a particular stimulus
42
Spines
Formations on the dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrites' capacity to form connections with other neurons
43
Myelination
The formation of myelin around the axons of neurons that speeds and increases information-processing abilities
44
Synaptogenesis
The process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections
45
Synaptic Pruning
The normal developmental process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated
46
Plasticity
The capacity of the brain to be affected by experience
47
Experience-Expectant Plasticity
The process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal environment will have
48
Experience-Dependent Plasticity
The process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual's experiences
49
What is the basic unit of the brain's informational system?
Neurons
50
How do neurons transmit information?
Electrical signals
51
What is the cortex involved in?
A wide variety of higher mental functions
52
What are some processes that are involved in brain development? (4)
Neurogenesis Differentiation of neurons Synaptogenesis Synaptic pruning
53
What does plasticity help with?
Making it possible for the brain to be able to rewire itself in response to damage, in certain circumstances Makes the developing brain vulnerable to the absence of stimulation at sensitive periods in development
54
The ability of the brain to recover from injury depends on what?
Someone's age

PSY 234 Test 1 (4 decks)

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