Chapter 2

Question 1

Epigenesis

Answer 1

The emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development

Question 2

Gametes

Answer 2

Reproductive cells (egg and sperm) that contain only half the genetic material of all the other cells in the body

Question 3

Meiosis

Answer 3

Cell division that produces gametes

Question 4

Conception

Answer 4

The union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the father

Question 5

Phylogenetic Continuity

Answer 5

The idea that because of our common evolutionary history, humans share many characteristics, behaviors, and developmental processes with other animals, especially mammals

Question 6

Apoptosis

Answer 6

Genetically programmed cell death

Question 7

Identical Twins

Answer 7

Twins that result from the splitting in half of the zygote, resulting in each of the two resulting zygotes having exactly the same set of genes

Question 8

Fraternal Twins

Answer 8

Twins that result when two eggs happen to be released into the fallopian tube at the same time and are fertilized by two different sperm
Have only half their genes in common

Question 9

Neural Tube

Answer 9

A groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

Question 10

Amniotic Sac

Answer 10

A transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus

Question 11

Placenta

Answer 11

A support organ for the fetus

Question 12

What does the placenta do?

Answer 12

Keeps the circulatory systems of the fetus and mother separate, but as a semipermeable membrane, it permits the exchange of some materials between them

Question 13

What materials are exchanged to/from fetus and mother?

Answer 13

Oxygen and nutrients from the mother to fetus

Carbon dioxide and waste products from fetus to mother

Question 14

Umbilical Cord

Answer 14

A tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and placenta

Question 15

Cephalocaudal Development

Answer 15

The pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head

Question 16

Habituation

Answer 16

Simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation

Question 17

Teratogen

Answer 17

An external agent that can cause damage or death during prenatal development

Question 18

Sensitive Period

Answer 18

The period of time during which a developing organism is most sensitive to the effects of external factors
When the fetus is maximally sensitive to the harmful effects of teratogens

Question 19

Dose-Response Relation

Answer 19

A relation in which the effect of exposure to an element increases with the extent of exposure
Prenatally, the more exposure a fetus has to a potential teratogen, the more severe its effect is likely to be

Question 20

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Answer 20

SIDS

The sudden, unexpected death of an infant less than 1 year of age that has no identifiable cause

Question 21

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Answer 21

FASD
The harmful effects of maternal alcohol consumption on a developing fetus include facial deformities, mental retardation, attention problems, hyperactivity, and more

Question 22

Fetal Alcohol Effects

Answer 22

FAE

A term used for individuals who show some, but not all, of the standard effects of FAS

Question 23

Colic

Answer 23

Excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason

Question 24

Infant Mortality

Answer 24

Death during the first year after birth

Question 25

Low Birth Weight

Answer 25

LBW | A birthweight of less than 5.5 pounds

Question 26

Premature

Answer 26

Any child born at 35 weeks after conception of earlier

Question 27

Small for Gestational Age

Answer 27

Babies who weigh substantially less than is normal for whatever their gestational age

Question 28

Developmental Resilience

Answer 28

Successful development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards

Question 29

What is much of development generated by?

Answer 29

The fetus itself

Question 30

When does prenatal development begin?

Answer 30

Cellular level at conception

Question 31

Where does the zygote multiply and divide?

Answer 31

A fallopian tube

Question 32

What does a zygote go through? (4)

Answer 32

Cell division Cell migration Cell differentiation Cell Death

Question 33

What is a zygote called once it implants on the uterine wall?

Answer 33

Embryo

Question 34

When does fetal behavior begin?

Answer 34

5 to 6 weeks after conception

Question 35

What is the first type of fetal behavior that occurs after conception?

Answer 35

Simple movements that increasingly become more complex and organized patterns

Question 36

What is the second type of fetal behavior that occurs after conception?

Answer 36

Vital to independent living like swallowing and a form of intrauterine breathing

Question 37

What can the fetus in the womb do?

Answer 37

Discriminate between familiar and novel sounds, especially in speech Exhibit taste preference

Question 38

What is the most common fate of a fertilized egg?

Answer 38

Miscarriage

Question 39

What environmental factors can be hazardous to prenatal development?

Answer 39

Teratogens from external world | Certain maternal characteristics

Question 40

What maternal characteristics can be hazardous to prenatal development?

Answer 40

``` Age Nutritional status Physical health Behavior Emotional state ```

Question 41

What helps initiate the birth process?

Answer 41

Behavior of the fetus

Question 42

Where is infant mortality rate the highest?

Answer 42

US low SES patients

Question 43

Multiple-Risk Model

Answer 43

Infants with a number of risk factors have a heightened likelihood or continued developmental problems