Chapter 3

Question 1

The peripheral nervous system is located…

Answer 1

Outside the skull and spinal cord

Question 2

The two parts of the peripheral nervous system are…

Answer 2

Somatic and automatic nervous systems

Question 3

Somatic nervous system interacts with…

Answer 3

The external environment, including the skin and skeletal muscles

Question 4

Automatic nervous system interacts with…

Answer 4

The internal environment, including the organs

Question 5

Afferent nerves

Answer 5

Carry sensory signals from the skin, muscles, etc. or internal organs to the CNS.

Question 6

Efferent nerves

Answer 6

Carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles or internal organs

Question 7

The two types of nerves associated with the somatic and automatic nervous systems are…

Answer 7

Afferent nerves and efferent nerves

Question 8

The two branches of the automatic nervous system are…

Answer 8

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Question 9

Functions of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are carried out by what kind of nerves?

Answer 9

Efferent nerves

Question 10

Function of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 10

To indicate psychological arousal (fear, etc.)

Question 11

Function of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 11

To indicate relaxation

Question 12

A mechanism that stops toxic substances in the blood from entering the brain is called…

Answer 12

The blood-brain barrier

Question 13

How does the blood-brain barrier work?

Answer 13

The blood vessel walls are tightly packs so certain large molecules can’t pass through.

Question 14

Neurons: what are they and what do they do?

Answer 14

Cells that are specialized for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals.

Question 15

What are the 3 functional types of neurons?

Answer 15

Motor, sensory, and inter

Question 16

Motor neurons are associated with _______nerves.

Answer 16

Efferent

Question 17

Sensory neurons are associated with _______ nerves.

Answer 17

Afferent

Question 18

How do interneurons differ from other neurons?

Answer 18

Their job is integrate activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals along a chain.

They have a very short axon or none at all.

Question 19

In the CNS, clusters of cell bodies are called______and bundles of axons are called_____.

Answer 19

Nuclei, tracts

Question 20

In the PNS, clusters of cell bodies are called _____and bundles of axons are called_______.

Answer 20

Ganglia, nerves

Question 21

The nervous system contains what two types of cells?

Answer 21

Neurons and glial cells

Question 22

Myelin segments that insulate the axon are made up of what class of glial cells?

Answer 22

Schwann cells

Question 23

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 23

Increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction.

Question 24

What do Schwann cells do?

Answer 24

Guide axonal regrowth after damage

Question 25

What do microglia do?

Answer 25

Trigger responses to injury or disease

Question 26

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 26

Play a role in the functioning of the blood-brain barrier.

Question 27

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

Answer 27

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglial, and Schwann cells

Question 28

The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

Answer 28

Axon hillock

Question 29

Emanating from the cell body, they receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons.

Answer 29

Dendrites

Question 30

The long, narrow process that projects from the cell body

Answer 30

Axon

Question 31

The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

Answer 31

Synapses

Question 32

Endings of the axon branches which release chemicals into the synapses

Answer 32

Terminal buttons

Question 33

Fatty insulation around the axons

Answer 33

Myelin

Question 34

Cell body is also called the...

Answer 34

Soma

Question 35

Anatomical directions: Proximal and distal

Answer 35

Close and far

Question 36

Anatomical directions: superior and inferior

Answer 36

Top of head, bottom of head

Question 37

Anatomical directions: medial and lateral

Answer 37

Toward the midline of the body, away from the midline

Question 38

Anatomical directions: dorsal and ventral

Answer 38

Toward the surface of the back or the top of the head, toward the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head.

Question 39

Anatomical directions: anterior and posterior

Answer 39

Toward the nose end, toward the tail end

Question 40

Anterior and posterior anatomical directions are also referred to as...

Answer 40

Rostral and caudal

Question 41

Meninges

Answer 41

Protective membranes between the brain/spinal cord and the bone.

Question 42

What are the 3 meninges in order from outside to inside?

Answer 42

Dura mater, arachnoid matter, (followed by subarachnoid space) and pia mater.

Question 43

What is the subarachnoid space for?

Answer 43

Contains blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

Question 44

The small channel that runs the length of the spinal cord is...

Answer 44

The central canal

Question 45

The four large internal chambers of the brain are called...

Answer 45

Cerebral ventricles

Question 46

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 46

24 (12 pairs)

Question 47

What is the general function of the cranial nerves?

Answer 47

Movement and sensation

Question 48

Grey matter is composed of...

Answer 48

Cell bodies and interneurons

Question 49

White matter is composed of...

Answer 49

Myelin coated axons

Question 50

Grey matter and white matter are found in...

Answer 50

The spinal cord

Question 51

Dorsal roots and ventral roots are where?

Answer 51

Along the outside of the spinal cord, connecting spinal nerves to axons that connect to the spinal cord.

Question 52

All dorsal roots are_______neurons

Answer 52

Sensory (afferent)

Question 53

All ventral roots are _______neurons.

Answer 53

Motor (efferent)

Question 54

The central nervous system is made up of...

Answer 54

The brain and the spinal cord