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Biological Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The peripheral nervous system is located…

A

Outside the skull and spinal cord

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2
Q

The two parts of the peripheral nervous system are…

A

Somatic and automatic nervous systems

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3
Q

Somatic nervous system interacts with…

A

The external environment, including the skin and skeletal muscles

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4
Q

Automatic nervous system interacts with…

A

The internal environment, including the organs

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5
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Carry sensory signals from the skin, muscles, etc. or internal organs to the CNS.

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6
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles or internal organs

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7
Q

The two types of nerves associated with the somatic and automatic nervous systems are…

A

Afferent nerves and efferent nerves

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8
Q

The two branches of the automatic nervous system are…

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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9
Q

Functions of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are carried out by what kind of nerves?

A

Efferent nerves

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10
Q

Function of the sympathetic nervous system

A

To indicate psychological arousal (fear, etc.)

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11
Q

Function of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

To indicate relaxation

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12
Q

A mechanism that stops toxic substances in the blood from entering the brain is called…

A

The blood-brain barrier

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13
Q

How does the blood-brain barrier work?

A

The blood vessel walls are tightly packs so certain large molecules can’t pass through.

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14
Q

Neurons: what are they and what do they do?

A

Cells that are specialized for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals.

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15
Q

What are the 3 functional types of neurons?

A

Motor, sensory, and inter

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16
Q

Motor neurons are associated with _______nerves.

A

Efferent

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17
Q

Sensory neurons are associated with _______ nerves.

A

Afferent

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18
Q

How do interneurons differ from other neurons?

A

Their job is integrate activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals along a chain.

They have a very short axon or none at all.

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19
Q

In the CNS, clusters of cell bodies are called______and bundles of axons are called_____.

A

Nuclei, tracts

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20
Q

In the PNS, clusters of cell bodies are called _____and bundles of axons are called_______.

A

Ganglia, nerves

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21
Q

The nervous system contains what two types of cells?

A

Neurons and glial cells

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22
Q

Myelin segments that insulate the axon are made up of what class of glial cells?

A

Schwann cells

23
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction.

24
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Guide axonal regrowth after damage

25
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Trigger responses to injury or disease

26
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Play a role in the functioning of the blood-brain barrier.

27
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglial, and Schwann cells

28
Q

The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

A

Axon hillock

29
Q

Emanating from the cell body, they receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons.

A

Dendrites

30
Q

The long, narrow process that projects from the cell body

A

Axon

31
Q

The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

A

Synapses

32
Q

Endings of the axon branches which release chemicals into the synapses

A

Terminal buttons

33
Q

Fatty insulation around the axons

A

Myelin

34
Q

Cell body is also called the…

A

Soma

35
Q

Anatomical directions: Proximal and distal

A

Close and far

36
Q

Anatomical directions: superior and inferior

A

Top of head, bottom of head

37
Q

Anatomical directions: medial and lateral

A

Toward the midline of the body, away from the midline

38
Q

Anatomical directions: dorsal and ventral

A

Toward the surface of the back or the top of the head, toward the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head.

39
Q

Anatomical directions: anterior and posterior

A

Toward the nose end, toward the tail end

40
Q

Anterior and posterior anatomical directions are also referred to as…

A

Rostral and caudal

41
Q

Meninges

A

Protective membranes between the brain/spinal cord and the bone.

42
Q

What are the 3 meninges in order from outside to inside?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid matter, (followed by subarachnoid space) and pia mater.

43
Q

What is the subarachnoid space for?

A

Contains blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

44
Q

The small channel that runs the length of the spinal cord is…

A

The central canal

45
Q

The four large internal chambers of the brain are called…

A

Cerebral ventricles

46
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

24 (12 pairs)

47
Q

What is the general function of the cranial nerves?

A

Movement and sensation

48
Q

Grey matter is composed of…

A

Cell bodies and interneurons

49
Q

White matter is composed of…

A

Myelin coated axons

50
Q

Grey matter and white matter are found in…

A

The spinal cord

51
Q

Dorsal roots and ventral roots are where?

A

Along the outside of the spinal cord, connecting spinal nerves to axons that connect to the spinal cord.

52
Q

All dorsal roots are_______neurons

A

Sensory (afferent)

53
Q

All ventral roots are _______neurons.

A

Motor (efferent)

54
Q

The central nervous system is made up of…

A

The brain and the spinal cord

Biological Psychology (8 decks)

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