Chapter 2

Question 1

French philosopher during the Renaissance 1596-1650

Answer 1

Rene Descartes

Question 2

Father of behaviorism

Answer 2

John B. Watson

Question 3

Describe the theory of evolution

Answer 3

Species evolve by undergoing gradual orderly change either to solve a problem in their environment or through natural selection.

Question 4

Natural selection

Answer 4

Heritable traits related to high rates of survival and reproduction are the most likely ones to be passed on to future generations.

Question 5

Fitness

Answer 5

The ability of an organism to survive and contribute its genes to the next generation.

Question 6

Define spandrels and provide an example

Answer 6

Incidental nonadaptive evolutionary byproducts. The human belly button.

Question 7

Function of the brain stem

Answer 7

Regulates reflex activities that are critical for survival (heart rate, respiration, etc.)

Question 8

Function of the cerebrum

Answer 8

Involved in complex adaptive processes such as learning, perception, and motivation.

Question 9

3 ways the human brain has evolved

Answer 9

Increase in size

Size increase occurs in the cerebrum

Increase in number of convolutions (fold on the cerebral surface)

Question 10

Mating process in which one male bonds with more than one female.

Answer 10

Polygyny

Question 11

Mating process in which enduring bonds are formed between one male and one female.

Answer 11

Monogramy

Question 12

What percentage of mammalian species are monogamous?

Answer 12

4%

Question 13

What is the predominant pattern of mammalian mating?

Answer 13

Polygyny

Question 14

Traits that occur in one form or another (either -or)

Answer 14

Dichotomous traits

Question 15

Observable traits

Answer 15

Phenotype

Question 16

Genetic material though which phenotypes are passed on

Answer 16

Genotype

Question 17

Gene

Answer 17

An individual inherited factor

Question 18

Alleles

Answer 18

Two genes that control the same trait

Question 19

Homozygous and heterozygous

Answer 19

A pair of identical genes and a pair of different genes

Question 20

Process of cell division that produces gametes

Answer 20

Meiosis

Question 21

Gametes

Answer 21

Egg and sperm cells

Question 22

Threadlike structures in each cell

Answer 22

Chromosomes

Question 23

Zygote

Answer 23

A fertilized egg cell with the full complement of chromosomes

Question 24

Typical chromosomes that occur in matched pairs

Answer 24

Autosomal chromosomes

Question 25

The only chromosomes that do not occur in matched pairs are...

Answer 25

Sex chromosomes (X and Y)

Question 26

What was the purpose of the human genome project? When did it occur?

Answer 26

To compile a map of the sequence of all 3 billion bases that compose human chromosomes. 1990.

Question 27

Monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins

Answer 27

Monozygotic-developed from the same zygote and have identical genes. Dizygotic- developed from two different zygotes.

Question 28

Why are twins studied?

Answer 28

In order to get a sense of the degree to which changes occur as a result of genetic factors or environmental factors.

Question 29

Relationship between epigenetics and twin studies

Answer 29

Twins are epigenetically identical early on, but differences accumulate as they age.

Question 30

Dualism

Answer 30

The philosophy put fourth by Descartes that the human body is composed of two elements: physical matter and the soul.