Chapter 3

Question 1

Two kinds of literature review

Answer 1

First
Goes along with the initial search for research ideas, because thats when you browse through piece if work and judge which ones are relevant and which ones are not

Second, known as critical review
Able to show the significance of a research project it is necessary to understand the subject field and it concept, ideas and key theories,
‘Critically reviewing literature’ if they choose pieces of literature that are relevant for research

Question 2

Critical review

Answer 2

-be a constructively analysis that critically develops a transparent argument about what the chosen literature tells you about a research question

Not simply summarize, what the piece is about
Necessary to evaluate what is significant to the research project and what is not

Question 3

Goal of critical review

Answer 3

-enables you to generate the foundation on which a research is based

Deductive approach, develop a theoretical or conceptual framework and you test afterwards using data
Inductive approach, analyses the collected data to subsequently develop theories from them and relate them to the literature
Difference, inductive, you dont start with predetermined theories and conceptual framework

Question 4

Three ways of using literature

Answer 4

1 using literature in the initial stages of a research, when making research proposal

2 using literature to provide the theoretical framework and context

3 to help place research findings within the wider body of knowledge

Question 5

Purpose of your review

Answer 5

• refine research questions further
• highlight research possibilities
• discover recommendation for further
• avoid repeating work
• sample current opinions in eg paper
• discover/provide insight

Question 6

Literature review

Answer 6

Review in which one makes reasoned judgement about the value of pieces of literature

Necessary to:
-organize valuable ideas and findings

Question 7

Critical review is succesful

Answer 7

If

It will provide new insights about subject area that no one has ever thought about
Necessary to show, how new findings and developed theories relate to literature about your subject to demonstrate that you are familiar with what has already been said about the subject

Question 8

Critical view of your reading

Answer 8

-Previewing
Browsing the text to found out whats its purpose
-Annotating
Conducting a analogue with yourself, the author and the issues at stake
-Summarizing
Able to explain/state the text in your own word
-Comparing and contrasting
How has your thinking been altered by this reading
-Use your research question
Qs which you asked yourself during reading which are linked to your research questions

Question 9

Content of critical review

Answer 9

Eventually have to appear in a project report,
Has to include an evaluation of the research that has already been done in the subject area, demonstrate and discuss the relationship between published research finding and refer yo the literature in which they were reported

Present the keypoints and trends in a structured way and show relationship with the research, by doing this the readers will have background knowledge to the research qs

Question 10

Content of a critical review one needs to:

Answer 10

• include key academic theories within the chosen research area
• demonstrate that your knowledge of chosen area is up to date
• through clear referencing, so they can find the original publication which you cite

Question 11

Four aspects of a critical approch

Answer 11

Critique of rhetoric

Critique of tradition

Critique of authority

Critique of objectivity

Question 12

Critique of rhetoric

Answer 12

Means appraising or evaluating a problem with good and effective use of language.

Being critical also means making a clear and justified analysis of the key literature or a research project.

For your review to be critical, you will need to have shown critical judgement

Question 13

Literature review

Answer 13

A literature review is a critical analysis and description of what other have written.

Helpful to address to literature review as a discussion of how far existing literature goes in answering the chosen research questions.

-should point out the limitations of the existing literature

Question 14

Three common review structures

Answer 14

One single chapter

A series of chapters

Throughout the project report while tackling various issues

Question 15

Review should be a funnel in which you

Answer 15

1 start at a general level and narrow it down to research questions and objectives
2 provide a brief overview of key ideas and themes
3 summarise, compare and contrast research of the key writers
4 narrow down to highlight research most relevant to the research
5 provide detailed findings and show how they are related to the literature
6 highlight aspects, where your research is providing new insights
7 lead the reader to subsequent sections of your project

Question 16

Information flow

Answer 16

Information flow become less detailed and authoritative but more easily accessible

Recognizing this flow will help identify appropriate sources you need

Question 17

Three categories available literature sources

Answer 17

• primary
• secondary
• tertiary sources

Question 18

Primary literature

Answer 18

First occurrence of piece if work

Include public sources as reports and documents, but also unpublished work such as letters and memo’s

• very detailed
• difficult to trace not easy to access
• referred to as grey literature

Question 19

Secondary literature

Answer 19

Subsequent publication of primary literature

Aimed at wider audience
Easier to locate than primary literature
Better covered by tertiary literature

Books, journals and newspaper

Question 20

Tertiary literature

Answer 20

Also called search tools

To locate or introduce primary and secondary literature.

Online search tools, databases, and dictionaries. Major use is in conducting a literature search

Question 21

Refereed academic journals

Answer 21

They only publish articles which are evaluated by academics before publication. These articles are therefore characterised by their quality and suitability.

Question 22

Professional journals

Answer 22

Professional journals are made for their members by various organisations.
Their articles are usually more of practical nature than those of refereed academic journals.

Question 23

Secondary literature sources

Answer 23

Journals

Refereed academic journals

Professional journals

Books and monograph

Newspaper

Question 24

Journals

Answer 24

Essential literature source for virtually any research, since they provide a researcher with information which focussed on his subject area
Nowadays it is easy to access journals via online databases

Question 25

Books and monographs

Answer 25

Written for specific audience, use of intro source to help clarify your research question and objectives or research methods, out of date

Question 26

Newspaper

Answer 26

Statistic info, may contain bias in their coverage

Question 27

Primary literature sources

Answer 27

Reports

Conference proceedings

Theses

Question 28

Reports

Answer 28

Difficult to gain access, try asses the authority of author, and beware of personal bias
Not well indext by 3

Question 29

Conference proceedings

Answer 29

Also called Synposia

Unique titles, not well indext by 3

Question 30

Theses

Answer 30

Are unique
Detailed information
Only for research degrees
Difficult to locate when found to access

Question 31

Prevents information overload

Answer 31

Important to have clearly defined research questions, objectives and outline proposal.

Question 32

Search strategy which include

Answer 32

• the parameters of the search
• key word and search terms
• the database and search engines you’re going to use
• the criteria to select relevant and useful studies

Question 33

Defining parameters

Answer 33

Search for parameters
-browse lecture noted and course textbook and make noted for research questions

If students say ‘there is nothing written on my research topic’, the parameters are too narrow

Question 34

Generating search term/keywords

Answer 34

Important to read articles from;
- key authors as well as
- recent review articles in the area of research. They are sometimes helpful to refine search terms, plus they will sometime refer to other work which may be relevant to your project
This will help generating key words.

Question 35

Definition of search terms

Answer 35

Definition: basic terms that describe research questions and objectives and shall be used to search the tertiary literature

The identification of search terms is an essential part of planning a search for relevant literature

Question 36

Different techniques for generating search terms are

Answer 36

1 discussion, will help you to refine and clarify your topic
2 Initial reading, dictionaries, encyclopedias, handbooks and thesauruses
3 search on Google with ‘define: (enter term)’
4 brainstorming
5 relevance trees: constructed after brainstorming

Question 37

Relevance tree

Answer 37

Enables you decide

• which keyword directly relevant
• which areas search first, and which later
• which are more important (more branches)

To construct
1 research qs/objectives on top level
2 identify subject areas that are important
3 subdivide each subject area into subareas
4 divide subareas into more precise ones
5 see which ones need the focus and search
6 while reading/processing add new areas

Question 38

Conducting literature search can be done by:

Answer 38

1 using tertiary sources
   -citation index
   -abstract, same info as index  
     but + summary of article
2 obtaining literature referenced in book and journal you already read
3 using the internet
4 scanning and browsing secondary literature in the library, important to keep full details of the literature you have scanned and browsed 
5 searching the internet

Question 39

When making noes, there are three sets of info one needs to record:

Answer 39

• bibliographic details
• brief summary
• supplementary info