Chapter 3 Flashcards
unitary system
A unitary system of government, or unitary state, is a sovereign state governed as a single entity. The central government is supreme, and the administrative divisions exercise only powers that the central government has delegated to them.
federal system
The term “federalism” is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces).
sovereignty
supreme power or authority.
Dillon’s rule
rule of judicial interpretation that a municipality may exercise only those powers expressly conferred by statute, necessarily or fairly implied by the expressed power in the statute, or essential and not merely convenient.
home rule
he government of a colony, dependent country, or region by its own citizens.
special governments
Special-purpose districts or special district governments in the United States are independent governmental units that exist separately from, and with substantial administrative and fiscal independence from, general purpose local governments such as county, municipal, and township governments.
dual federalism
Dual federalism, also referred to as divided sovereignty, is a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms, with state governments exercising those powers accorded to them without interference from the federal government.
McCulloch v. Maryland
A U.S. Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established that the federal government has “implied powers” to carry out, without state interference, any and all rights given by the Constitution. Specifically, the Court ruled that the federal government could charter a bank and a state could not tax it.
necessary and proper clause
The Necessary and Proper Clause allows Congress “To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the [enumerated] Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.”
doctrine of nullification
The Doctrine of Nullification is the inherent right of a state to override the federal government. Learn more about the theory of nullification and how its was applied over the course of United States history.
doctrine of secession
secession definition. The withdrawal from the United States of eleven southern states in 1860 and 1861. The seceding states formed a government, the Confederacy, in early 1861. Hostilities against the remaining United States, the Union, began in April 1861 (see Fort Sumter), and the Civil War followed.
monopolies
the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.
new deal
The New Deal was a series of domestic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933–37) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
cooperative federalism
Cooperative federalism (1930s-1970s) is a concept of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately but more or less equally (such as the dual federalism of the 19th century United States) or clashing …
court-packing plan
The Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 (frequently called the “court-packing plan”) was a legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court.
creative federalism
Creative Federalism was a form of federalism popular during the Johnson administration from 1963 to 1969. It emphasized that the federal government determined the needs of the states.Sep 13, 2011
grants-in-aid
an amount of money given to a local government, an institution, or a particular scholar.
categorical grants
Categorical grants are grants, issued by the United States Congress, which may be spent only for narrowly defined purposes. Categorical grants are the main source of federal aid to state and local government, can be used only for specific purposes and for helping education or categories of state and local spending.
formula grants
Formula grants include quantifiable elements, such as population, amount of tax effort, proportion of population unemployed or below poverty level, density of housing, or rate of infant mortality.
project grants
Project grants are a type of categorical grant. Projects are grants given by the federal government to state and local governments on the basis of merit. The other type of categorical grant is a formula grant.
block grants
a grant from a central government that a local authority can allocate to a wide range of services.
devolution
the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration.
