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Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

<p>Define relational database</p>

A

<p>enables logical representation of the data and its relationships
</p>

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2
Q

<p>what facilitates the creation of data relationships based on a logical construct?</p>

A

<p>Relation</p>

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3
Q

<p>Define table</p>

A

<p>two-dimensional structure composed of rows and columns</p>

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4
Q

<p>define key</p>

A

<p>one or more attributes that determine other attribute</p>

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5
Q

<p>What is the key's role based on?</p>

A

<p>determination</p>

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6
Q

<p>define functional dependence</p>

A

<p>attribute B is functionally dependent on A if all rows in table agree in value for A also agree in value for B</p>

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7
Q

<p>define primary key</p>

A

<p>Attribute or combination of attributes that uniquely identifies any given row
</p>

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8
Q

<p>composite key</p>

A

<p>Composed of more than one attribute

| </p>

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9
Q

<p>super key</p>

A

<p>Any key that uniquely identified each row

| </p>

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10
Q

<p>candidate key</p>

A

<p>A super key without unnecessary attributes

| </p>

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11
Q

<p>Entity integrity key</p>

A

<p>Each row (entity instance) in the table has its own unique identity
</p>

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12
Q

<p>Nulls</p>

A

<p>No data entry, Not permitted in primary key, &amp;amp; should be avoided in other attributes.
</p>

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13
Q

<p>Foreign Key</p>

A

<p>An attribute whose values match primary key values in the related table
</p>

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14
Q

<p>referential integrity</p>

A

<p>FK contains a “VALID” value that refers to an existing valid tuple (row) in another relation</p>

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15
Q

<p>T/F, many RDBM's do not enforce integrity rules automatically</p>

A

<p>F</p>

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16
Q

<p>inner join</p>

A

<p>only returns matched records from the tables that are being joined</p>

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17
Q

<p>natural join</p>

A

<p>links tables by selecting rows with common values in common attributes</p>

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18
Q

<p>Outer join</p>

A

<p>matched pairs are retained and any unmatched values in other table are left null</p>

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19
Q

<p>Data dictionary</p>

A

<p>Provides detailed accounting of all tables found within the user/designer-created database
Contains (at least) all the attribute names and characteristics for each table in the system
Contains metadata: data about data
</p>

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20
Q

<p>system catalog</p>

A

<p>Contains metadata
Detailed system data dictionary that describes all objects within the database
</p>

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21
Q

<p>homonym</p>

A

<p>Indicates the use of the same name to label different attributes
</p>

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22
Q

<p>synonym</p>

A

<p>Indicates the use of different names to describe the same attribute
</p>

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23
Q

<p>1:M</p>

A

<p>Relational modeling ideal
Should be the norm in any relational database design
</p>

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24
Q

<p>1:1</p>

A

<p>Should be rare in any relational database design

| </p>

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25

M:N relationships |

Cannot be implemented as such in the relational model Can be changed into 1:M relationships

26

What does data redundancy lead to?

data anomalies

27

what functions do foreign keys play?

Control data redundancies by using common attributes shared by tables Crucial to exercising data redundancy control

28

Indexes

Orderly arrangement to logically access rows in a table |

29

Index key

Index’s reference point Points to data location identified by the key

30

unique index

Index in which the index key can have only one pointer value (row) associated with it

31

t/f, each index is associated with only one table

T

32

define entity

an entity is a single person, place, or thing about which data can be stored.

33

degrees

number of entities in a relationship

34

unary relationship

A unary relationship is when both participants in the relationship are the same entity.

35

binary relationship

two entities participate and is the most common relationship degree.

36

cardinality

refers to the uniqueness of data values contained in a particular column (attribute) of a database table.

37

attribute

may describe a component of the database, such as a table or a field, or may be used itself as another term for a field.

38

associative entity

associates the instances of more or more entity types and contains attributes that are specific to the relationship between those entity instances.

39

an entity is also called a blank

object

40

an object of interest to the end user

entity

41

characteristics of entities

attributes

42

attribute that must have value

required attribute |

43

required attribute

attribute that must have value

44

attribute that does not require a value

optional attribute

45

optional attribute

attribute that does not require a value

46

attribute that does not require a value

optional attribute

47

set of possible values for a given attribute

domain

48

domain

set of possible attributes for a given domain

49

one or more attributes that uniquely identify each entity instance

identifiers (primary keys)

50

primary key composed of more than one attribute

composite key

51

an attribute that can be further subdivided to yield additional attributes

composite attribute

52

an attribute that cannot be subdivided

simple attribute

53

Address is an example of a what?

composite attribute

54

age is an example of what

simple attribute

55

attribute whose value is calculated from other attributes

derived attribute

56

entities that participate in a relationship

participants

57

describes relationship classification

connectivity

58

expresses the minimum and maximum number of entity occurrence associated with one occurrence of the related entity

cardinality

59

crows feet are a form of

cardinality

60

can exist in the database only when it is associated with another related entity occurence

existence dependent

61

an entity that can exist apart from all of its related entities

existence independent

62

existence independent is also referred to as

strong entity or regular entity

63

exists if the primary key of the related entity does not contain a primary component of the parent entity

weak relationship

64

when the primary key of the related entity contains a primary key component of the parent entity

strong relationship

65

number of entities or participants associated with a relationship

relationship degree

66

when an association is maintained within a single entity

unary

67

two entities are associated

binary

68

three entities are associated

ternary

69

an entity that cannot be uniquely identified by its attributes alone

weak entity

70

a bridge table is also called

associative entity

71

a joint table is also referred to as

associative entity or bridge table

72

An entity which has its own key attribute is a regular entity.

regular entity or strong entity

73

An entity which depends on other entity for its existence and doesn't have any key attribute of its own

weak entity

74

In a parent/child relationship, a parent is considered as a strong entity and the child is what kind of entity

weak entity

75

the age of a student is considered what kind of attribute?

single value attribute

76

the telephone number of an employee is considered what kind of attribute?

multi-valued attribute

77

An employee works for an organization. Here "works for" is a what?

relationship

78

define data

raw facts

79

define information

result of processing raw data

80

result of processing raw data

information

81

knowledge

the body of information and facts about a specific subject

82

the body of information and facts about a specific subject

knowledge

83

data management

focuses on the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of data

84

focuses on the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of data

data management

85

database

shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of end-user data and metadata

86

shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of end-user data and metadata

database

87

database management system

collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to data in database

88

collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to data in database

database management system

89

data inconsistency

different versions of the same data appear in different places

90

different versions of the same data appear in different places

data inconcistency

91

query

specific request issued to the DBMS

92

ad hoc query

spur of the moment question

93

spur of the moment question

ad hoc query

94

data quality

approach to promoting the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of data

95

approach to promoting the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of data

data quality

96

single-user database

supports only one use at a time

97

supports only one use at a time

single-user database

98

what is another word for single-user database?

desktop database

99

multiuser database

supports multiple users at the same time

100

supports multiple users at the same time

multiuser database

101

multiuser database is also called

workgroup database

102

enterprise database

used for an organization or more than 50 users

103

used for an organization or more than 50 users

enterprise database

104

centralized database

supports data located at a single site

105

supports data located at a single site

centralized database

106

distributed database

supports data distributed across several sites

107

supports data distributed across several sites

distributed database

108

operational database

support a company's day to day operations

109

support a company's day to day operations

operational database

110

operational databases are also referred to as

production database

111

analytical database

stores historical data and business metrics used for tactical or strategic decision making

112

stores historical data and business metrics used for tactical or strategic decision making

analytical database

113

data warehouse

stores data in a format optimized for decision support

114

online analytical processing

set of tools that work together to provide an advanced data analysis environment for retrieving, processing and modeling data

115

set of tools that work together to provide an advanced data analysis environment for retrieving, processing and modeling data

online analytical processing

116

business intelligence

comprehensive approach to capture and process business data with the purpose of generating info to support decision making

117

comprehensive approach to capture and process business data with the purpose of generating info to support decision making

business intelligence

118

Unstructured data

data that exist in their raw state

119

data that exist in their raw state

Unstructured data

120

structured data

result of formatting unstructured data to facilitate storage, use, and generation of info

121

result of formatting unstructured data to facilitate storage, use, and generation of info

structured data

122

Semistructured data

partly processed data

123

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a text format

124

language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a text format

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

125

extended entity relationship model (EERM)

results from adding more semantic constructs to the original ER model

126

results from adding more semantic constructs to the original ER model

extended entity relationship model (EERM)

127

entity supertype

generic entity type that is related to one or more entity subtypes

128

generic entity type that is related to one or more entity subtypes

entity subtype

129

specialization hierarchy

depicts the arrangement of higher-level entity supertypes

130

enables an entity subtype to inherit the attributes and relationships of the supertype

inheritance

131

attribute that determines to which subtype the supertype is related

subtype discriminator

132

Subtypes that contain a unique subset of the supertype entity set

disjoint types

133

specifies whether each entity supertype occurence must also be a member of at least one subtype

completeness constraint

134

virtual entity type used to represent multiple entities into a single, abstract entity object

entity cluster

135

real-world, generally accepted identifier that uniquely identifies real-world objects

natural key (natural identifier)

136

when a relationship is improperly or incompletely identified

design trap

137

one entity in two 1:M relationships to other entities

fan trap

138

gives logical structure to a database graphically

entity relationship diagram

139

Lengthy development times, difficulty getting quick answers, complex system administration, lack of security and data sharing and extensive programming are examples of what?

problems with the traditional file system

140
A relational database consists of a collection of
Tables
141
A ________ in a table represents a relationship among a set of values.
a) Column b) Key c) Row d) Entry Answer :C
142
The term _______ is used to refer to a row.
tuple
143
For each attribute of a relation, there is a set of permitted values, called the ________ of that attribute.
domain
144
Database __________ , which is the logical design of the database, and the database _______,which is a snapshot of the data in the database at a given instant in time.
schema, instance
145
The tuples of the relations can be of ________ order.
any
146
1. Which one of the following is a set of one or more attributes taken collectively to uniquely identify a record? a) Candidate key b) Sub key c) Super key d) Foreign key
Superkey
147
2. Consider attributes ID , CITY and NAME . Which one of this can be considered as a super key ? a) NAME b) ID c) CITY d) CITY , ID
Answer:b Explanation:Here the id is the only attribute which can be taken as a key. Other attributes are not uniquely identified .
148
3. The subset of super key is a candidate key under what condition ? a) No proper subset is a super key b) All subsets are super keys c) Subset is a super key d) Each subset is a super key
Answer:a Explanation:The subset of a set cannot be the same set.Candidate key is a set from a super key which cannot be the whole of the super set
149
4. A _____ is a property of the entire relation, rather than of the individual tuples in which each tuple is unique. a) Rows b) Key c) Attribute d) Fields
Answer:b Explanation:Key is the constraint which specifies uniqueness.
150
5. Which one of the following attribute can be taken as a primary key ? a) Name b) Street c) Id d) Department
Answer:c Explanation:The attributes name , street and department can repeat for some tuples.But the id attribute has to be unique .So it forms a primary key.
151
6. Which one of the following cannot be taken as a primary key ? a) Id b) Register number c) Dept_id d) Street
Answer:d Explanation:Street is the only attribute which can occur more than once
152
7. A attribute in a relation is a foreign key if the _______ key from one relation is used as an attribute in that relation . a) Candidate b) Primary c) Super d) Sub
Answer:b Explanation:The primary key has to be referred in the other relation to form a foreign key in that relation .
153
8. The relation with the attribute which is the primary key is referenced in another relation. The relation which has the attribute as primary key is called a) Referential relation b) Referencing relation c) Referenced relation d) Referred relation
Answer:b Explanation:None.
154
10. A _________ integrity constraint requires that the values appearing in specified attributes of any tuple in the referencing relation also appear in specified attributes of at least one tuple in the referenced relation. a) Referential b) Referencing c) Specific d) Primary
Answer:a Explanation:A relation, say r1, may include among its attributes the primary key of another relation, say r2. This attribute is called a foreign key from r1, referencing r2. The relation r1 is also called the referencing relation of the foreign key dependency, and r2 is called the referenced relation of the foreign key.
155
1. What is the purpose of index in sql server a) To enhance the query performance b) To provide an index to a record c) To perform fast searches d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d Explanation: A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes.
156
5. What is true about indexes? a) Indexes enhance the performance even if the table is updated frequently b) It makes harder for sql server engines to work to work on index which have large keys c) It doesn’t make harder for sql server engines to work to work on index which have large keys d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b Explanation: Indexes tend to improve the performance.
157
6. Does index take space in the disk ? a) It stores memory as and when required b) Yes, Indexes are stored on disk c) Indexes are never stored on disk d) Indexes take no space
Answer: b Explanation: Indexes take memory slots which are located on the disk.
158
7. What are composite indexes ? a) Are those which are composed by database for its internal use b) A composite index is a combination of index on 2 or more columns c) Composite index can never be created d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b Explanation: A composite index is an index on two or more columns of a table.
159
8. If an index is _________________ the metadata and statistics continue to exists a) Disabling b) Dropping c) Altering d) Both a and b
Answer: a Explanation: A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes.
160
1. Using which language can a user request information from a database ? a) Query b) Relational c) Structural d) Compiler
a
161
2. Student(ID, name, dept name, tot_cred) In this query which attribute form the primary key? a) Name b) Dept c) Tot_cred d) ID
Answer:d Explanation:The attributes name ,dept and tot_cred can have same values unlike ID .
162
4. The_____ operation allows the combining of two relations by merging pairs of tuples, one from each relation, into a single tuple. a) Select b) Join c) Union d) Intersection
Answer:b Explanation:Join finds the common tuple in the relations and combines it.
163
a) Union b) Join c) Product d) Intersect
Answer:a Explanation:Union just combines all the values of relations of same attributes.
164
8. The _______ operator takes the results of two queries and returns only rows that appear in both result sets. a) Union b) Intersect c) Difference d) Projection
Answer:b Explanation:The union operator gives the result which is the union of two queries and difference is the one where query which is not a part of second query
165
5. The basic data type char(n) is a _____ length character string and varchar(n) is _____ length character. a) Fixed, equal b) Equal, variable c) Fixed, variable d) Variable, equal
Answer:c Explanation: Varchar changes its length accordingly whereas char has a specific length which has to be filled by either letters or spaces .
166
7. To remove a relation from an SQL database, we use the ______ command. a) Delete b) Purge c) Remove d) Drop table
d
167
``` 1. Name Annie Bob Callie Derek Which of these query will display the the table given above ? a) Select employee from name b) Select name c) Select name from employee d) Select employee ```
Answer:c Explanation:The field to be displayed is included in select and the table is included in the from clause.
168
``` 2. Select ________ dept_name from instructor; Here which of the following displays the unique values of the column ? a) All b) From c) Distinct d) Name ```
Answer:c Explanation:Distinct keyword selects only the entries that are unique.
169
3. The ______ clause allows us to select only those rows in the result relation of the ____ clause that satisfy a specified predicate. a) Where, from b) From, select c) Select, from d) From, where
a
170
5. The ________ clause is used to list the attributes desired in the result of a query. a) Where b) Select c) From d) Distinct
b
171
7. Select * from employee where salary>10000 and dept_id=101; Which of the following fields are displayed as output? a) Salary, dept_id b) Employee c) Salary d) All the field of employee relation
Answer:d Explanation:Here * is used to select all the fields of the relation .
172
9. Which of the following statements contains an error? A) Select * from emp where empid = 10003; B) Select empid from emp where empid = 10006; C) Select empid from emp; D) Select empid where empid = 1009 and lastname = ‘GELLER’;
Explanation:This query do not have from clause which specifies the relation from which the values has to be selected .
173
2. Which of the join operations do not preserve non matched tuples. a) Left outer join b) Right outer join c) Inner join d) Natural join
Answer:c Explanation:INNER JOIN: Returns all rows when there is at least one match in BOTH tables.
174
4. What type of join is needed when you wish to include rows that do not have matching values? a) Equi-join b) Natural join c) Outer join d) All of the mentioned
Answer:c Explanation:An outer join does not require each record in the two joined tables to have a matching record..
175
5. How many tables may be included with a join? a) One b) Two c) Three d) All of the mentioned
Answer:d Explanation:Join can combine multiple tables
176
8. Which join refers to join records from the right table that have no matching key in the left table are include in the result set: a) Left outer join b) Right outer join c) Full outer join d) Half outer join
Answer:b Explanation:RIGHT OUTER JOIN: Return all rows from the right table, and the matched rows from the left table.
177
1. An ________ is a set of entities of the same type that share the same properties, or attributes . a) Entity set b) Attribute set c) Relation set d) Entity model
Answer:a Explanation:An entity is a “thing” or “object” in the real world that is distinguishable from all other objects.
178
2. Entity is a a) Object of relation b) Present working model c) Thing in real world d) Model of relation
Answer:c Explanation:For example, each person in a university is an entity.
179
3. The descriptive property possessed by each entity set is _________ . a) Entity b) Attribute c) Relation d) Model
b
180
4. The function that an entity plays in a relationship is called that entity’s _____________. a) Participation b) Position c) Role d) Instance
Answer:c Explanation:A relationship is an association among several entities.
181
5. The attribute name could be structured as a attribute consisting of first name, middle initial, and last name . This type of attribute is called a) Simple attribute b) Composite attribute c) Multivalued attribute d) Derived attribute
Answer:b Explanation:Composite attributes can be divided into subparts (that is, other attributes).
182
6. The attribute AGE is calculated from DATE_OF_BIRTH . The attribute AGE is a) Single valued b) Multi valued c) Composite d) Derived
Answer:d Explanation:The value for this type of attribute can be derived from the values of other related attributes or entities.
183
7. Not applicable condition can be represented in relation entry as a) NA b) 0 c) NULL d) Blank Space
c
184
8. Which of the following can be a multivalued attribute ? a) Phone_number b) Name c) Date_of_birth d) All of the mentioned
Answer:a Explanation:Name and Date_of_birth cannot hold more than 1 value.
185
9. Which of the following is a single valued attribute a) Register_number b) Address c) SUBJECT_TAKEN d) Reference
a
186
10. In a relation between the entities the type and condition of the relation should be specified . That is called as______attribute a) Desciptive b) Derived c) Recursive d) Relative
Answer:a Explanation:Consider the entity sets student and section, which participate in a relationship set takes. We may wish to store a descriptive attribute grade with the relationship to record the grade that a student got in the class.
187
define generalization
process of defining a more general supertype from a set of more specialized entity types
188
define specialization
process of defining one or more subtypes from a general supertype; top down process
189
how is a total specialization rule indicated?
double line
190
how is an incomplete specialization rule indicated?
single line
191
disjointness constraint
whether an instance of a supertype may simultaneously be a member of two or more subtypes
192
disjoint rule
- No letter "d" | - An instance of a supertype can be only one of the subtypes
193
Overlap rule
- Yes letter "o" | - an instance of a supertype can simultaneously be a member of two or more subtypes
194
Is this statement an example of the overlap rule or the disjoint rule? A patient can either be an outpatient or a resident but not both at any given time.
disjoint rule | This will be indicated by a letter "d" in the diagram
195
Is this statement an example of the overlap rule or the disjoint rule? A part may both manufactured and purchased.
Overlap rule | This will be indicated by a letter "o" in the diagram
196
define subtype discriminator
a mechanism to implement supertype/subtype relationships
197
Foreign is always on what side of the relationship?
on the many side

Database Management (4 decks)

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