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Biology 105 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

amino acid

A

an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain: serves as the monomer of proteins

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2
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaque develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing the passageways through which blood can flow

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

A biological molecule consisting of simple single monomer sugars monosaccharides, two monomer sugars disaccharides and other multiunit sugars polysaccharides

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4
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

A chemical process in which a polymer forms when monomers are linked by the removal of water molecules. one molecule of water is removed from each pair of monomers linked. a dehydration reaction is the opposite of a hydrolysis reaction

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5
Q

Denaturation

A

A process in which a protein unravels, losing a specific conformation and hence function; can be used as caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix caused by the similar factors

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6
Q

Disaccharide

A

A sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by dehydration reaction

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7
Q

DNA

A

The genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents, is a double-stranded helical macromolecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with the deoxyribose sugar a phosphate group and four nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

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8
Q

Double helix

A

The form assumed by DNA in living cells referring to it’s two adjacent poly nucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape

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9
Q

Fat

A

A large lipid molecule made from an alcohol call glycerol and three fatty acid triglyceride most fat function as energy storage molecules

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10
Q

Functional groups

A

The atoms that form the chemically reactive part of an organic molecule

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11
Q

Gene

A

A unit of inheritance in DNA consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. most of the genes of a eukaryote are located in its chromosomal DNA if you were carried by the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts

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12
Q

Glycogen

A

A complex, extensively branched polysaccharide made up of many glucose monomers serves as an energy storage molecule in liver and muscle cells

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13
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

A chemical compound composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen

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14
Q

Hydrogenation

A

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

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15
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical process in which macromolecules are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking the monomers, an essential part of digestion. a hydrolysis reaction is the opposite of dehydration reaction

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16
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving pertaining to polar charge molecules which are soluble in water

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17
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing, pertaining to non-polar molecules which do not dissolve in water

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18
Q

Isomers

A

One of two or more molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures this different properties

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19
Q

Lipids

A

An organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds and therefore mostly hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Lipids include fats,waxes, phospholipids and steroids.

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20
Q

Macromolecules

A

A giant molecule in a living organism. Examples include proteins polysaccharides and nucleic acids

21
Q

Monomers

A

A chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer

22
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The smallest kind of sugar molecule; a single unit sugar, also known as a simple sugar. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of more complex sugars and polysaccharides.

23
Q

Nucleic acids

A

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers, serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structures and activities. The two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA

24
Q

Nucleotides

A

An organic monomer consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

25
Q

Organic compounds

A

A chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually synthesized by cells

26
Q

Peptide bond

A

The covalent linkage between two amino acid units in a polypeptide, formed by a dehydration reaction between two amino acids.

27
Q

Polymers

A

A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain.

28
Q

Polypeptide

A

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

29
Q

Polysaccharides

A

A carbohydrate polymer consisting of many monosaccharides (sugar) linked by covalent bonds.

30
Q

Primary structure

A

The first level of protein structure the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain

31
Q

Protein

A

A biological polymer constructed from amino acid monomers

32
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar, a phosphate group and the nitrogenous base is adenine cytosine guanine and uracil usually single-stranded, functions and protein synthesis as a genome of some viruses

33
Q

Saturated

A

Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains contain the maximum number of hydrogens and therefore have no double covalent bond saturated fats and fatty acids solidify a room temperature

34
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide found in the roots of plants and certain other cells a polymer of glucose

35
Q

Steroids

A

A type of lipid who’s carbon skeleton is in the form of four fused rings 3 6 sided rings and 1 5 sided ring: examples are cholesterol testosterone and estrogen

36
Q

Sugar phosphate backbone

A

The all training chain of sugar and phosphate to which DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached

37
Q

Trans fat

A

And unsaturated fatty acid produced by the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils and present in hardened vegetable oils most margarines, commercial baked food and in many fried foods

38
Q

Triglyceride

A

A dietary fat which consists of a molecule glycerol linked to three modules of fatty acid

39
Q

Unsaturated

A

Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains lack the maximum number of hydrogen Adams and therefore have one or more double covalent bonds. unsaturated fats and fatty acids do you not solidify at room temperature

40
Q

Primary structure

A

The first level of protein structure the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain

41
Q

Protein

A

A biological polymer constructed from amino acid monomers

42
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar, a phosphate group and the nitrogenous base is adenine cytosine guanine and uracil usually single-stranded, functions and protein synthesis as a genome of some viruses

43
Q

Saturated

A

Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains contain the maximum number of hydrogens and therefore have no double covalent bond saturated fats and fatty acids solidify a room temperature

44
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide found in the roots of plants and certain other cells a polymer of glucose

45
Q

Steroids

A

A type of lipid who’s carbon skeleton is in the form of four fused rings 3 6 sided rings and 1 5 sided ring: examples are cholesterol testosterone and estrogen

46
Q

Sugar phosphate backbone

A

The all training chain of sugar and phosphate to which DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached

47
Q

Trans fat

A

And unsaturated fatty acid produced by the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils and present in hardened vegetable oils most margarines, commercial baked food and in many fried foods

48
Q

Triglyceride

A

A dietary fat which consists of a molecule glycerol linked to three modules of fatty acid

49
Q

Unsaturated

A

Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains lack the maximum number of hydrogen Adams and therefore have one or more double covalent bonds. unsaturated fats and fatty acids do you not solidify at room temperature

Biology 105 (2 decks)

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