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General Pathology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

too little hemodynamic homeostasis causes:

A

bleeding and shock

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2
Q

too much hemodynamic homeostasis cause:

A

clots (thrombus)

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3
Q

2 examples of increased blood volume

A

hyperemia and congestion

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4
Q

hyperemia

A

active process which dilates the arterioles
causes redness (erythema)
can occur during exercise or inflammation

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5
Q

congestion

A 
passive process which obstructs veins
causes blueness (cyanosis)
DVT or CHF
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6
Q

Examples of congestion

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome
chronic pulmonary congestion
congestive hepatopathy

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7
Q

examples of congestive hepatopathy

A

chronic passive liver congestion
cetrilobular hepatic necrosis
hemosiderin-laden macrophages

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8
Q

Edema

A

abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid

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9
Q

examples of localized edema

A

lower extremities, hydrothorax, ascites

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10
Q

hydrothorax is localized edema of _____?

A

the pleural cavity

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11
Q

ascites is localized edema of _____?

A

the peritoneal cavity

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12
Q

fluid balance is maintained by what 2 factors?

A

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

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13
Q

increased hydrostatic pressure is the result of…

A

impaired venous flow

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14
Q

localized impairment of venous flow can be caused by

A

deep vein thrombosis

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15
Q

generalized impairment of venous flow can be caused by

A

congestive heart failure

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16
Q

reduced osmotic pressure can be the result of…

A

too few plasma proteins (albumin) caused by reduced production or increased loss

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17
Q

fluid imbalance can be caused by the following 5 factors

A 
too much hydrostatic pressure
too little osmotic pressure
lymphatic obstruction
retention of sodium or water
inflammation
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18
Q

lymphatic obstruction is the result of…

A

inflammation/ fibrosis or tumors

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19
Q

sodium & water retention is the result of…

A

increased blood volume

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20
Q

2 causes of increased blood volume

A

acute renal failure and high salt diet

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21
Q

dependent edema is dependent on what factor?

A

gravity

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22
Q

mobile patients develop dependent edema in what area of the body?

A

feet and ankles

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23
Q

immobile patients develop dependent edema in what area of the body?

A

sacrum & lumbar

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24
Q

pitting edema is due to the accumulation of _______

A

transudate

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25
Q

non-pitting edema is due to the accumulation of ________

A

exudate

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26
Q

hemorrhage is defined as…

A

extravasation of blood from vessels

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27
Q

severity of hemorrhage is based on what 2 factors?

A

total blood volume lost and rate at which blood is lost

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28
Q

4 types of hemorrhage

A

hematoma
petechiae
purpura
ecchymosis/contusion

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29
Q

petechiae are usually ___mm

A

1-2mm

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30
Q

purpura are usually ___mm

A

3-5mm

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31
Q

3 common causes for thrombosis (Virchow’s triad)

A

endothelial injury
abnormal blood flow
hypercoagulability

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32
Q

common causes for endothelial injury

A

atherosclerotic plaques, hypertension, high cholesterol, vasculitis, sepsis

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33
Q

common causes for abnormal blood flow

A

turbulence (aneurysm, varicosity)

stasis (arrhythmia, immobility, valve stenosis)

34
Q

4 options for the fate of a thrombus

A

dissolve
enlarge
embolize
organization

35
Q

dissolution of a thrombus

A

caused by plasminogen activator

exogenous form (t-PA) can be given to break up clots

36
Q

enlargement or propogation of a thrombus

A

will always propogate towards the heart

37
Q

which way will an arterial thrombus grow?

A

against the flow of blood

38
Q

which way will a venous thrombus grow?

A

with the flow of blood

39
Q

what is embolization?

A

detached intravascular mass (moving thrombus)

40
Q

where will venous emboli usually end up?

A

usually lodge in the lungs causing pulmonary embolism

41
Q

where will arterial emboli end up?

A

can lodge in kidney, CNS, or extremities

42
Q

what will a renal arterial embolism cause?

A

renal infarction —> ischemia and coagulative necrosis

43
Q

what will a CNS arterial embolism cause?

A

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA or stroke)

—> ischemia and liquifactive necrosis

44
Q

what will an arterial embolism in an extremity cause?

A

ischemia and coagulative gangrenous necrosis

45
Q

recanalization

A

occurs during organizaton of a thrombus

eventual formation of new circulatory canals to keep blood flow

46
Q

features of venous thrombus

A

low pressure and slow moving blood

congestion, tenderness, pitting edema

47
Q

features of an arterial thrombus

A

infarction –> tissue death

48
Q

Causes of DIC

A

crush injury, sepsis, obstetric complications

49
Q

DIC causes _____

A

widespread thrombosis

50
Q

DIC results in: (2)

A

ischemia/infarction (rapidly fatal)

Hemorrhage (from exhausted clotting factors)

51
Q

3 types of embolism

A

solid
liquid
gas

52
Q

types of solid emboli

A

fat, plaque debris, or tumor fragments

53
Q

how are fat emboli formed?

A

broken long bones expose yellow (fatty) bone marrow stored in marrow cavity

54
Q

Most common liquid embolism?

A

amniotic fluid which can cause DIC

55
Q

Examples of Gas emboli?

A

air (injections)

nitrogen (scuba diving rapid ascent)
called Bends or Caisson’s Disease

56
Q

80% of pulmonary emboli are ___

A

clinically silent

lungs have collateral blood supply so little to no tissue death

57
Q

Saddle embolism

A

occurs at the pulmonary artery bifurcation

can cause rupture of the right ventricles since it is pumping against a road block

58
Q

95% of PE are from

A

deep vein thrombosis

59
Q

systemic thromboembolism

A

clot in the peripheral arterial system

60
Q

80% of systemic thromboembolism are from

A

cardiac thrombi

61
Q

2/3 of systemic thromboembolism are from

A

the left ventricle

62
Q

Paradoxical embolism are weird because they ____

A

cross from venous to arterial system

63
Q

paradoxical emboli begin as

A

deep vein thrombosis

64
Q

Paradoxical emboli are able to cross due to

A

atrial septal defects or ventricular septal defects

65
Q

infarction is defined as…

A

death of a tissue, due to obstruction of blood supply

66
Q

red infarction

A

hemorrhagic (tissue has a collateral blood supply)

67
Q

white infarction

A

pale/anemic (tissue has no collateral blood supply)

68
Q

shock

A

inadequate blood supply (perfusion) to tissues, resulting in cellular injury, dysfunction, & possibly death

69
Q

traditional shock are types with _______

A

peripheral vasoconstriction

70
Q

examples of traditional shock

A

cardiogenic

hypovolemic

71
Q

traditional shock symptoms

A

increased respiration, HR, cold clammy hands, decrease consciousness

72
Q

treatments for traditional shock

A

defibrillation, CPR, limit blood loss, elevate legs, IV fluids

73
Q

Distributive shock are types with ______

A

peripheral vasodilation

74
Q

examples of distributive shock

A

septic
neurogenic (spinal cord injury)
anaphylactic

75
Q

treatment for distributive shock

A

vasoconstrictive meds (EpiPen)

76
Q

3 stages of shock

A

non-progressive (SNS compensation)
progressive (hypoperfusion, glycolysis, acidosis)
irreversible (widespread membrane damage, organ failure)

77
Q

shock index

A

HR / systolic BP = shock index

78
Q

normal shock index

A

0.5 - 0.8

79
Q

Red infarctions are usually found:

A

Lungs and small intestine

80
Q

White Infarctions are usually found:

A

Heart, spleen, kidney

General Pathology (6 decks)

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