Chapter 3

Question 1

The Goal of Respiration

Answer 1

Oxygenation of blood

Elimination of carbon dioxide

Question 2

Ventilation

Answer 2

Actual movement of air in the conducting
respiratory passageway

Air inhaled per unit time

Question 3

Distribution

Answer 3

Air distributed to 300 million alveoli

Question 4

Perfusion

Answer 4

Migration of fluid through a barrier

Oxygen-poor vascular supply is perfused
to six billion capillaries that supply alveoli

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

Gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary

membrane

Question 6

The Work of Respiration

Answer 6

Respiration requires muscular effort

Efficiency of respiration depends on how
individuals control their muscles of respiration

Respiration is the force behind speech production

Respiration provides energy for oral communication

Question 7

Factors that Affect Respiration

Answer 7

Exercise

Age

Muscle weakness

Illness

Question 8

Inspiration

Answer 8

Quiet inspiration

Active inspiration

Question 9

Passive expiration

Answer 9

System is restored to a resting position after respiration

Driven by forces of torque, elasticity, and gravity

Question 10

Active expiration

Answer 10

Muscular effort enhances act of expiration

Abdomen is compressed

Muscles reduce size of thorax

Rib cage is pulled down

Air is pulled out of the lungs

Question 11

Respiratory Cycle

Answer 11

Defined as one inspiration and one
expiration

Adults complete between 12 and 18
cycles of respiration per minute

Normal Cycle:
Inspiration takes up to 40% of the cycle
Expiration takes up to 60% of the cycle

During speech:
Inspiration takes up 10% of the cycle
Expiration takes up 90% of the cycle
Checking action uses muscles to restrain expiration

Question 12

Quiet tidal respiration

Answer 12

Defined as quiet flow of air into and out of lungs

Involves about 500 ml of air with each cycle

Individuals process around 6,000 to 8,000 (6 to 8 liters) of air every minute

Minute volume: air involved in one minute of respiration

Question 13

Spirometer

Answer 13

Used to measure respiration

Rate of air flow in respiration

Volume

Lung capacities

Pressures

Question 14

Volume

Answer 14

Measured in liters (L), milliliters (ml),
cubic centimeters (cc), and sometimes
cubic inches

Question 15

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 15

Air inspired beyond tidal volume

Question 16

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 16

Air expired beyond tidal volume

Question 17

Dead space air

Answer 17

Air that cannot undergo gas exchange

Question 18

Capacities

Answer 18

Refers to combined volumes that

express physiological limits

Question 19

Vital capacity

Answer 19

Volume of air that can be inspired after a maximal

expiration

Question 20

Functional residual capacity

Answer 20

Air that remains in the body after passive

inspiration

Question 21

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 21

Volume that can be inspired from resting lung

volume

Question 22

Total lung capacity

Answer 22

Sum of all lung capacities

Question 23

Volumes, Capacities and Age

Answer 23

Total lung capacity is the same across
the lifespan
Age can affect selected volumes and
capacities in healthy males
Vital, inspiratory, and expiratory reserve
capacities diminish with age 
Functional residual capacity increases
with age 
Increase due to loss of inspiratory capacity

Question 24

Volumes, Capacities and Age

Answer 24

Total lung capacity is the same across
the lifespan

Age can affect selected volumes and
capacities in healthy males

Vital, inspiratory, and expiratory reserve
capacities diminish with age

Functional residual capacity increases
with age

Increase due to loss of inspiratory capacity

Question 25

Pressures

Answer 25

Respiration involves the balance of
pressures

There are five specific types of pressure

Question 26

Intrapleural pressure

Answer 26

Pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural
membranes
Remains constantly negative, especially during inspiration

Question 27

Intrapleural pressure

Answer 27

Pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural
membranes

Remains constantly negative, especially during inspiration

Question 28

Intraoral pressure

Answer 28

Pressure measured within the oral cavity

Question 29

Atmospheric pressure

Answer 29

Pressure of the atmosphere generated by its weight; approximately 760 mm Hg

Pressures are all measured relative to atmospheric pressure

Question 30

Volumes and Body Posture

Answer 30

Body position and posture play a
significant role in respiratory volumes

In the reclining position, the abdomen is affected by the force of gravity
Resting lung volume decreases
Effort required for inspiration increases