Chapter 3 & 4-Matter, Philosophers, and Isotopes

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

anything with mass that takes up space

Question 2

Substance/Pure Substance

Answer 2

Matter with a uniform and unchanging composition
Has the same composition no matter where it’s taken from
ex. salt, pure water

Seawater and tap water are not pure substances since they can be different depending on where they are from

Question 3

States of Matter

Answer 3

Solid
Liquid
Gas

Question 4

Physical Properties of Matter

Answer 4

characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the sample’s composition; describe pure substances
ex. density, color, odor, hardness, melting/boiling point

Question 5

Extensive and intensive properties

Answer 5

1) Extensive properties: dependent on the amount of substance present
ex. mass
2) Intensive properties: independent on the amount of substance present
ex. density

Question 6

Chemical Properties of Matter

Answer 6

ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances

Question 7

Physical Change

Answer 7

change which alters a substance w/out changing the composition
ex. cutting a block of wood

Question 8

Phase Change

Answer 8

transition of one state of matter to another

Question 9

Chemical Change/Reaction

Answer 9

when one or more substances change into new substances with new compositions and properties (starting substances are reactants and new substances are products)

reactants and products have different properties

Question 10

Law of Conservation of Mass

Answer 10

Mass neither created nor destroyed during CHEMICAL reactions

Mass(reactants)=mass(products)

Question 11

Solid

Answer 11

definite shape and volume

Question 12

Liquid

Answer 12

takes shape of container

definite volume

Question 13

Gas

Answer 13

indefinite shape

indefinite volume

Question 14

Solid –> Liquid

Answer 14

melting

Question 15

liquid –> gas

Answer 15

vaporization

Question 16

liquid –> solid

Answer 16

freezing

Question 17

gas –> liquid

Answer 17

condensation

Question 18

solid –> gas

Answer 18

sublimation

Question 19

gas –> solid

Answer 19

deposition

Question 20

How do you know that a chemical reactions has occurred?

Answer 20

1. Light produced
2. Heat produced
3. Color changes
4. Smell changes
5. A property changes (ex. mass, density, etc)
6. Gas forms (ex. vinegar and baking soda)
7. Precipitate Forms

Question 21

Law of Definite Proportions

Answer 21

a compound will have a definite ratio by mass of the elements that are in it

Question 22

Law of Multiple Proportions

Answer 22

when different compounds are formed by the same combo of elements, the elements can combine in different whole # ratios

Question 23

Solution

Answer 23

homogeneous mixtures

Question 24

Element

Answer 24

pure substance that can’t be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means

Question 25

Purifying Mixtures

Answer 25

``` filtration centrifugation crystallization distillation using a funnel chromatography ```

Question 26

filtration

Answer 26

separates suspensions (heterogeneous mixtures) separates liquid from solids pour mixture through funnel with a piece of filter paper liquid that passes through=filtrate

Question 27

centrifugation

Answer 27

separating small amounts of suspension suspension put into centrifuge tubes and spin around in a centrifuge fast spinning motion forces the solid to the sink to bottom of tube

Question 28

Crystallization

Answer 28

forming crystals hot concentrated solution is cooled (solvents cant hold all dissolved solids when cooled) solubility differences separate one material from another

Question 29

Distillation

Answer 29

separate solid from a liquid, or 2 miscible liquids from each other mixture heated and one liquid vaporizes (vapor made back to liquid with condenser)-differences in boiling points can separate homogeneous mixtures

Question 30

Using a separating funnel

Answer 30

immiscible liquids | liquid with higher density forms lowest layer

Question 31

chromatography

Answer 31

paper chromatography, 2 factors: 1. absorption of substance on paper 2. solubility of substance in solvent

Question 32

Democritus

Answer 32

proposed that matter was composed of small indivisible particles called atoms believed that there was a different atom for each material

Question 33

Dalton

Answer 33

matter composed of atoms atoms of same element are identical atom is the smallest particle and can't be broken down elements combine in mall, whole # ratios to form compounds atoms break apart, combine, or rearrange to form compounds

Question 34

Thomson

Answer 34

discovered e's: determined it's charge to mass ratio plum pudding/choco chip cookie dough model determined proton's mass discovered isotopes

Question 35

Rutherford

Answer 35

Gold Foil Experiment nucleus was a small dense core inside the atom mostly of empty space nucleus is a proton which balances the negative e's

Question 36

Chadwick

Answer 36

neutrons

Question 37

Millikan

Answer 37

oil drop experiment: determined e's charge

Question 38

Bohr

Answer 38

e's travel in definite energy levels around nucleus

Question 39

Planck

Answer 39

electromagnetic energy's radiated in small packets called quanta

Question 40

of p's = __________ = # of ___

Answer 40

atomic number | electrons

Question 41

Atomic mass

Answer 41

average of all of the elements isotopes

Question 42

Mass Number

Answer 42

``` # of protons + # of neutrons atomic mass rounded to the nearest whole # ```

Question 43

How to write elements in symbolic notation

Answer 43

(Look at Skitch)

Question 44

Isotope

Answer 44

same # of p's, different # of neutrons

Question 45

Which isotope (ligher or heavier) reacts faster in chemical reactions?

Answer 45

lighter

Question 46

3 Types of Radiation

Answer 46

1. Alpha Decay 2. Beta 3. Gamma Ray

Question 47

nuclear reaction

Answer 47

reactions that involves a change in the nucleus

Question 48

radioactivity

Answer 48

process by which some substances spontaneously emit radiation

Question 49

Alpha Decay, Beta, and Gamma Ray

Answer 49

look at Skitch

Question 50

Vapor

Answer 50

gas of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temp | ex. steam

Question 51

Mixture

Answer 51

combo of 2 or more pure substances in which the substances retain its individual chemical properties

Question 52

Types of solutions

Answer 52

``` gas-gas liquid-liquid solid-solid gas-liquid solid-liquid solid-gas ```

Question 53

Alloy

Answer 53

homogeneous mixture of metals OR mixture of metal and a nonmetal in which the metal is the major component