Chapter 3 & 4 Males and Females Body Parts Flashcards
Mons Veneris
Pubic symphysis
The frontmost component of the vulva: a pad of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair.
The junction of the left and right pubic bones, the frontmost elements of the pelvic skeleton.
Pubic Hair
serves to protect vagina from bacteria & to “wick & volatilize” viginal odors
Labia Majora
the outer lips: 2 folds of skin that run down from the monds on either side of the vulva.
- Composed of fatty tissue
- hair on outer sides
- Erotically sensitive, specially on the inner, hairless sides of the labia.
Labia Minora
the inner lips: hairless, loose folds of skin located between the labia majora and immediately flanking the vestibule.
Clitoral Hood
A loose fold of skin that covers the clitoris.
the labia minora meet at the front, forming the clitorial hood, and at the back
Vestibule
Fourchette
The potential space between the left and the right labia minora. It inclucles the clitoris, urethral opening, & vaginal opening.
The fourchette - place where labia minor meet behind the vestibule
Clitoris
Clitorial Glans
The erectile organ in females, whose external portion is located at the junction of the labia minra, just in front of the vestibule.
Small, erectile, & highly sensitive knob of tissue positioned at the front of the vestibule.
Corpora Cavernosa (2)
contain the clitoriis’ erectile tissue. It can extend back to the pelvic floor. The erectile tissue withing the glans consist of a single corpus spongiosum.
Corpus Spongiosum
A single midline erectile structure. In both sexes it fills the glans.
Stegma
A whitish, greast secreation that builds up under the prepuce of the penis or clitoris.
Crura
internal extensions of the clitoris. 7cm long; wrap the urethra. internal extension of the corpus cavernosum.
Vestibular Bulbs
curved masses of erectile tissue that surround the vestibule & underlie the labia minora = it helps for elevation, lengthen, and stiffen of the vagina in arousal.
Ischiocavernosus Muscle
Surround each crus; contraction of these during arousal elevates the clitoral shaft & glans, causing the glans to disappear under the clitoral hood.
Bulbospongiosus Muscle
forms a sling around the clitoral shaft and surrounds the vaginal opening; contraction of this muscle tightens vaginal opening & increases clitoral erection, and may also help increase the erotic sensations of vaginal penetration by transferring mechanical excitation to the clitoris.
Viginal Opening
Introitus - occupies rear portion of the vestibule; at birth, generally covered by an imcomplete membranous flod of skin called the hymen.
Urethral Opening
located between the vaginla opening and the clitoris. It conveys urine, but it can also ejaculate from it during sexual climax.
Bartholin’s Glands
Lie on either side of the vaginal opening, just inside the labia minora. They secrete a few drops of fluid prior to orgasm. It is possible that these secreations help neuutralize the normally acidic environment of the vagina.
Pelvic Floor
Pubococcygeus Muscle
A muscular sling that underlies and supports the pelvic bone.
a pair of muscles in the pelvic floor that form a sling aorund the vagina. The stiffeness of this muscle during sex, increases pleasure. It prevents urinary and fecal leakage, and possibly help keep semen in the vagina.
Vagina
Potential space; collapsed tube
Forms the birth canal
A muscular tube extending 8 to 10 cm from the pathway taken by gametes or the conceptus.
Reproductive Track
The internal anatomical structures in either sex that form the pathway taken by gametes or the conceptus.
It serves for transport of the male’s sperm and the female’s eggs (ova), as well as fertilization, pregnancy, and passage of the fetus during childbirth.
Procedure where the are between the vaginal opening and the anus Perineum is cut to make more room for the fetus to come out
Episiotomy
Circumferential wrinkles in the inner surface of the vagina
Rugae
Grafenberg Spot
G-spot—an area of heightened sensitivity on the front wall of the vagina; the trigger point for the controversial vaginal orgasm
Only a minority of women claim to have a G-spot. An orgasm is stronger if produce by stimulation of the G-Spot
There are many theories to what structure in the vagina is responsible for a G-spot erection. Even though there are many posibilities there is one that is the most likely.
Glands situated next to the urethra, thought to be equivalent to the larger prostate gland in males
The gland is also responsible for the ejaculation in females
Paraurethral (Skene’s) Glands
A circular muscle around an orifice whose contraction closes the orifice (in this case, the anus).
Sphincter
Uterus
The womb.
a pear-shaped region of the female reproductive tract through which sperm are transported and where the conceptus implants and develops.
Lowermost part of the uterus that opens into the vagina
Cervic
External and Internal Os
a constricted opening that connects the vagina to a canal that runs through the cervix
a second canal that connects the cervix to the uterus
The os posses glands that secreate mucus
The cavity of the uterus
Lumen
Three Layers of the walls of the uterus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
A layer of the uterus that has two functions-the transposrt of sperm up the reproductive track toward the site of fertilization, and the implantation and nourishment of an embry. Because of these two functions it changes over the menstrual cycle
Endometrium
Smooth Muscle
It is under control of the autonomic nervous system.
Involuntary contractions of the myometrium during labor play a vital role in the delivery of the fetus. Myometrical contractions are also thought to aid in the shedding and expulsing of the endometrial lining at menstruation
Conceptus
cluster of cells derived from a fertilized ovum, part of which becomes an embryo
This part of the body is located at top of the uterus.
Fertilization takes place here.
It is about 10cm long and has the width of two hair put together
The Fallopian Tubes or Oviducts
A fringe-like set of extensions at the end of the fallopian tubes
They brush the ovaries in order to sweep in released the ovum
Fimbria
The female gonad
Produces ovum
Ovaries
Notes
The inner surface of the oviducts are lined with cilia. They beat in a coordinated fashion toward the uterus. Sperm moving from the uterus toward the ovary have to swim against the current set up by the beating cilia.
The middle portion of the oviduct close to the ovary.
It is also the most common site of fertilization.
Ampulla
Follicle
and
Notes
An oocyte with its supporting cells within the ovary.
An oocyte, or developing egg, is surrounded by supporting cells, which also secrete sex steroids, know as granulosa cells. Outside of these are other cells who help synthesize sex steroids.
Mammary Glands
Milk-producing glands w/n the breast
Microscopic cavity that produces & secretes milk
Alveoli
More than 2 nipples
More than 2 breasts
Polythelia
Polymasta
Lactiferours Ducts
Convey milk from the alveoli to the lactiferous sinuses
Lactiferous sinus
one of the storage areas for milk near the nipple
Milk letdown Reflux
hormonally mediated reflux that causes movement of milk from the alveoli to the lactiferous sinuses
Areola
circular path of darker skin that surrounds the nipple
Notes: a women can produce milk as long as they are nursing. It varies from individual to individual
Pad of fat that covers & protects the pubic symphasis
Prepubic Fat Pad
Penis
the erectile, erotically sensitive organ in males that incorporates a portion of the urethra; serves sexual functions & mediates the voiding of urine
Loose, tubular fold of skin which partially or completely covers the glans
Prepuse or foreskin
Three erectile structures of the penis
Two corpora cavernosa and a single corpus spongiosum
Corpora Cavernosa
Either of two elongated erectile structures within the penis or clitoris, which also extend backward into the pelvic floor.
Both lie side by side and account for the bulk of the penis’s erectile capasity.
Corpus Spongiosum
A single midline erectile structure. It fills the glands. It extends backward along the underside of the penis, surrounding the urethra
The root of the penis attaches to the pubis via a ____________
It allows for movement and it is shock absorbent
Suspensory Ligament
An expansion of the corpus spongiosum at the root of the penis
Penile Bulb
Bulbospongiosus Muscle (male)
A muscle that attaches to the base of the penis and assist with erection and ejaculation.
It is an integral part of the external anal sphincter muscle; thus the anal sphincter contracts rhythmically during ejaculation
Ischiocavernosus Muscle
Surround each crus; contraction of these during arousal elvates the shaft & glans of the penis.
Also help with erection and ejaculation
Discharges urine from the bladder & semen from the internal reproductive glands; enters the rrot of the penis & travels its lenght to emerge at the tip of the glans.
Urethra
A fibrous capsule surrounding the corpora cavernosa.
Tunica Albuginea
Fascia
Fibrous sheath of connective tissue that encloses the innermost penile shaft.
The rim of the glands of the penis
Corana
A strip of loose skin on the underside of the penis, running between the glans & the shaft
Together, with the corona, is where men feel the most pleasure.
Frenelum
Scrotum
Scrotal Sac - a loose bag of skin that hangs down behind the penis and contains the two testicles.
It posses lots of sweat glands that help to regulate the temperature of the scrotal contents.
Notes: the testes, inside look like the brain cortex. The are folded.
A sheet of smooth muscle underlying the skin of the scrotum, which when contracted causes the skin to become thick and wrinkled
Dartos
Semen
Fluid containing sperm & a variety of chemical compounds that is discharged from the penis at sexual climax.
the variety of compounds help the sperm be inmune to the acidic environment of the vagina
Structure, attached to each testis, through which sperm must pass before entering the vas deferens
Sperm can also be store here
Epididymis
Tunica Vaginalis
The membraneous sac that houses the testis & epididymis
Spermatic Cord
”lifeline” of the testes; a bundle of structures that connect the testes to organ systems w/n abdomen.
It is 4cm long
This canal passes thorugh the abdominal wall in the groin region
Inguinal Canal
Cremaster Muscle
Sheetlike covering the spermatic cord that, along w dartos muscle, helps regulate temperature.
carries mature sperm away from the epididymus; w/n spermatic cord
Vas deferens
Temperature range for producing sperm
4-7C (7-12F) below core body temperature
Seminiferous Tubules
internal structure of the testes; fine, convoluted tubes that are the site of sperm production, or Spermatogenesis through meiosis.
It looks like the cortex of the brain
The more testosterone the more production of sperm.
So what happens when you have “extra” sperm?
The body will produce estrogen to bring the production of sperm down.
So when a person is taken extra testosterone (steroids) the body could, in theory, become more feminine.
Cells that line seminiferous tubules, in which sperm develop and hormones are secreated.
Sertoli Cells
Leydig Cells
lie between seminiferous tubules and the testis, that secrete sex hormones
A network of spaces, between the testis and epididymis, through which sperm must pass
Rete Testis
Notes: from the epididymis to ejaculation
Further progress of the sperm occurs not by fluid flow or by their own motility, but by muscular contractions of the walls of the vas, each of which squeezes a small volume of sperm into the urethra.
A gland at the base of the bladder, sorrounding the urethra; its secreations are a component of semen
Prostate Gland
Two small glands that add their secretions to semen
Seminal Vesicles
Cowper’s Glands
Two pea-sized glands that secrete a clear mucous fluid before & during ejaculation.
Why does sperm travel through so many glands?
The vagina is very hostile. So the sperm by itself cannot survive. Different glands add different types of fluids to help the PH of the sperm so it can survive.
Seminal Plasma - noncellular constituents of semen
Fluctose
Buffers
Fribrinogen
Enzymes
Viruses
Specialized nerve endings, found in the genital area, that probably detect the tactile stimulation associated with sexual activity.
Genital-end-bulbs
Vasocongestion
The engorgement of the labia & vaginal walls with blood during sexual arousal.
Natural appearance of slippery secretions in the vagina during sexual arousal
Lubrication
Transudation
diffuse seepage of fluid through all parts of the walls of the vagina.
First phase in the 28 day menstrual cycle
Menstrual phase: endomitrium is being sheed.
The phase (2nd) of the menstrual cycle during which follicles are developing under the influence of gonadotropins.
Part between menstruation and ovulation
Follicular Phase
The (3rd) phase between ovulating and the beginning of menstruation
Luteal phase
