Chapter 3, 4, 6 Flashcards
Subject
the noun or pronoun that is doing the acting or being in a sentence
- Asks WHO? or WHAT? before the verb
- phrases & clauses can be the subject/object
Predicate Nominative
a noun or its substitute that follows a linking verb and restates the subject
ex. That is she. (is = linking verb)
__became a problem… (became is the linking verb)
Subject of an Infinitive
a noun that comes between the verb and its infinitive
if the subject of an infinitive is a pronoun, it takes the same form it would if it were an object
ex. The police took (v) her to (infinitive) be a modern Dillinger.
Direct Object
the direct receiver of an action ask WHOM? WHAT? after the verb
Predicate Objective
follows a direct object and restates it
ex. The American public elected him (direct object) president (restates).
Indirect Object
the person or thing to whom or which, or for whom or for which, an action is done.
Put TO or FOR in front.
Object of a Preposition
a noun or its substitute following a preposition
ex. In (preposition) the movie (object), apes rule the planet.
Object of a Participle
a noun or its substitute following a participle
ex. A man was spotted carrying (participle) a gun (object).
Object of a Gerund
a noun or its substitute following a gerund
ex. Playing (gerund) poker (object) with them left him poorer.
Object of an Infinitive
answers WHAT? WHOM? and WHERE? after an infinitive
ex. The police want him TO ANSWER (infinitive) some questions (object).
First Person Pronouns
-I
-We
When I am speaking for myself or my group.
Second Person Pronouns
-You
-You
for when a person or group is being spoken to
Third Person Pronouns
-he
-she
-it
-one
-they
for when a person, thing, or group is being spoken about
Pronoun Case: Nominative Case
used when the pronoun is the subject, predicate nominative, or noun of direct address
-I, you, he, she, it, we, they, one, who
Pronoun Case: Objective Case
used when the pronoun is the direct object; the indirect object; the object of a preposition, participle, gerund, or infinitive; or the subject of an infinitive
-me, you, him, her, it, us, them, one, whom
Pronoun Cases: Possessive Case
used to show possession or attribute
-my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs, one’s, whose
Relative Pronouns
pronouns that introduce a dependent clause closely connected w/the antecedent, or noun it refers
who, whom, whomever, whoever, whose, which, that, what
Reflexive & Intensive Pronouns
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Reflexive Pronouns
used when something acts on itself
ex. I hurt myself.
Intensive Pronouns
when drawing attention to the noun or pronoun it refers
ex. I, myself, will do it.
Verbal Nouns
a noun made from a verb
-gerunds & infinitives
Predicate
a verb used as a part of a sentence
maybe a simple or a complex w/verb and associated words like modifiers, objects, or complements
Verb
expresses action or state of being & tells what a noun or its substitute is doing or being
Helping Verbs
used to make some verb forms like:
- simple future tense
- perfect tense
- progressive tense
- conditional mood
Modal Verbs
verbs that help show mood
ex. can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must
Semimodal Verbs
words or phrases that act like modals but like main verbs in other ways
ex. be able to, dare to, have to, have got to, like to, need to, ought to, used to, want to
Transitive Verbs
have a direct object (a receiver of the action) that tells to WHAT or TO WHOM an action was done
ex. The legislature PASSED the bill.
Intransitive Verbs
does not take the direct object
two kinds:
- linking verbs
- complete verbs
Linking Verbs (Copulative)
takes a predicate complement:
- a predicate nominative
- a predicate adjective
- an = sign indicating equation between the subject and predicate complement
- a predicate adjective may be modified by an adverb
Predicate Nominative
noun or pronoun follows the linking verb
Predicate Adjective
adjective following the linking verb may be modified by an adverb
Complete Verbs
takes neither a direct object nor a predicate complement
ex. The woman HESITATED.
Verb Tenses
refers mainly to time: when the action or state of being that the verb represents takes place
3 Time Frames:
-past, present, future
6 Basic Verb Tenses: past perfect, past, present perfect, present future perfect, future
6 Additional Progressive Verb Tenses
Simple Tenses
a broad time frame that consists of past, present, and future tenses
- identify a specific point of time
- includes: ago, at, at that time, in, last, on, then, when
Perfect Tenses
completed events taking place previous to other events in the same general block of time
- something took place before another event in the past
- something in the present started & finished before right now
- something will already have taken place when another event in the future takes place
Progressive Tenses
Two forms:
- one responds to simple tense
- the other responds to the perfect
used to form to be/ helping verbs and main verbs
stresses the ongoing nature of an activity of limited duration, can be complicated
Regular Verbs
distinguishes the past from the present by adding ed/t or sometimes y becomes and I before ending
Irregular Verbs
distinguish the past from the present by changing the middle of the verb by having different past-participle form (for use w/perfect) from the simple-past form or by not changing from present to past to past participle at all
Sequence of Tenses
the time order of the forms from furthest in the past to the furthest in the future
- Past Perfect
- Past
- Present Perfect
- Present
- Future Perfect
- Future
Past Perfect
events that occurred before those described in the past tense and are now concluded
ex. after, before, by, by the time, until, when
Past-Perfect Progressive
for actions continuing from on point in the past to another one closer to the present before concluding
ex. The killing in Bosnia HAD BEEN GOING unchecked until NATO intervened.
Past
for events that occurred in the past and are now concluded
ex. Answering Q: “How Long Ago?”
- also to express a time element in/on verb
ex. He first explained (verb) the signs of Parkinson’s disease in (time element) 2011.
Present for Past
used by journalists to express the past in a headline
ex. Governor SIGNS Death Penalty into law.
Conversationally Expresses Past:
ex. “So, then I SAY to him…”
Past Progressive
used for something that was happening in the past but has since ended
ex. The band WAS PLAYING to packed stadiums in 2007.
Present Perfect
for events that started in the past and have continued into the present or have a connection with the present
ex. already, ever, for, never, not, yet, since
- Have ever wondered
Present-Perfect Progressive
for actions that begin in the past and are still continuing in the present
ex. for, since
The Seattle Sounders HAVE BEEN PLAYING well SINCE opening day.
Present
used for something that happens now
ex. Her book SITS on the table.
Present Progressive
used in place of the simple present for many situations in which something is happening right now
ex. The president IS MEETING with his advisors.
Present for Future
use of the simple present with an adverb of time to convey future
ex. She LEAVES TOMORROW.
Future Perfect
events that will have been completed in the future before something else happens
-by, by the time, when
ex. BY THE TIME you read this column, the world series WILL HAVE BEEN DECIDED.
Future-Perfect Progressive
for actions continuing from now into the future when the focus is on what will have been happening to that point. Projects into the future and looks back.
ex. This Monday, Tom WILL HAVE BEEN COACHING 30 years at Central.
Future
events that will definitely occur in the future
ex. I WILL DECIDE what college I will attend on Saturday.
Future Progressive
for events continuing in the future with no end in sight
ex. A hundred years from now, parents WILL STILL BE SHAKING their heads at their teens’ taste in music.
Active Voice
stresses the doer of an action by making the doer the subject
ex. 1. The printer publishes the magazine.
2. The printer published the magazine.
-form of to have
Passive Voice
stresses the receiver of an action by making the receiver the subject of a sentence and having the subject acted upon.
- by/for implied and expressed
- contains to be + past participle of main
ex. 1. The magazine IS PUBLISHED BY THE printer.
2. The magazine WAS PUBLISHED BY THE printer.
Verb Mood
how the speaker or writer regards the statement being made
4 Moods:
- Indicative
- Imperative
- Conditional
- Subjunctive
Indicative Mood
the sentence in which the verb that appears either states a fact or asks a question about a fact
Imperative Mood
the sentence makes a command, issues instructions or entreats
only one verb tense–> present
does not include the subject, but implies it
ex. ADD 1 cup of flour. Please BE CAREFUL as you pour in the boiling water.
Conditional Mood
expresses a condition
may use modal verbs (must) and semimodal verbs can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would
Subjunctive Mood
used to talk about any condition contrary to fact, or to express a wish, doubt, prayer, desire, request, hypothetical situation or hope
“were”
ex. If I WERE you, I’d quit.
ex. The hijackers demanded that 17 terrorists BE set free.
Verbals
a form of a verb is used as a part of speech other than a verb.
a verb form used as something other than a verb.
3 Kinds:
- Gerund
- Participle
- Infinitive
Gerund
the present- or past-participle form of a verb used as a NOUN.
VERB + ING
often serves as subject and takes a possessive case
Participle
the present-or past-participle form of a verb used as an ADJECTIVE
VERB +ING/+ED/+T/+NT/+EN/+N
modifies the intended noun
Infinitive
the form of a verb that normally has “TO” in front of it, although, sometimes “TO” may be omitted
functions as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB
Modifiers
words that describe or limit subjects, objects or verbs
they provide details
Connecting Words
joins together parts of sentences
Modifiers: Adjectives
modifies a noun by telling: how many, what kind, which, or whose
Modifiers: Adverbs
modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb by telling: how, when, where, to what degree, to what extent, or how much
