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Journalism 106 > Chapter 3, 4, 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 3, 4, 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Subject

A

the noun or pronoun that is doing the acting or being in a sentence

  • Asks WHO? or WHAT? before the verb
  • phrases & clauses can be the subject/object
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2
Q

Predicate Nominative

A

a noun or its substitute that follows a linking verb and restates the subject

ex. That is she. (is = linking verb)

__became a problem… (became is the linking verb)

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3
Q

Subject of an Infinitive

A

a noun that comes between the verb and its infinitive

if the subject of an infinitive is a pronoun, it takes the same form it would if it were an object

ex. The police took (v) her to (infinitive) be a modern Dillinger.

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4
Q

Direct Object

A

the direct receiver of an action ask WHOM? WHAT? after the verb

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5
Q

Predicate Objective

A

follows a direct object and restates it

ex. The American public elected him (direct object) president (restates).

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6
Q

Indirect Object

A

the person or thing to whom or which, or for whom or for which, an action is done.
Put TO or FOR in front.

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7
Q

Object of a Preposition

A

a noun or its substitute following a preposition

ex. In (preposition) the movie (object), apes rule the planet.

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8
Q

Object of a Participle

A

a noun or its substitute following a participle

ex. A man was spotted carrying (participle) a gun (object).

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9
Q

Object of a Gerund

A

a noun or its substitute following a gerund

ex. Playing (gerund) poker (object) with them left him poorer.

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10
Q

Object of an Infinitive

A

answers WHAT? WHOM? and WHERE? after an infinitive

ex. The police want him TO ANSWER (infinitive) some questions (object).

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11
Q

First Person Pronouns

A

-I
-We
When I am speaking for myself or my group.

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12
Q

Second Person Pronouns

A

-You
-You
for when a person or group is being spoken to

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13
Q

Third Person Pronouns

A

-he
-she
-it
-one
-they
for when a person, thing, or group is being spoken about

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14
Q

Pronoun Case: Nominative Case

A

used when the pronoun is the subject, predicate nominative, or noun of direct address

-I, you, he, she, it, we, they, one, who

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15
Q

Pronoun Case: Objective Case

A

used when the pronoun is the direct object; the indirect object; the object of a preposition, participle, gerund, or infinitive; or the subject of an infinitive

-me, you, him, her, it, us, them, one, whom

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16
Q

Pronoun Cases: Possessive Case

A

used to show possession or attribute

-my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs, one’s, whose

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17
Q

Relative Pronouns

A

pronouns that introduce a dependent clause closely connected w/the antecedent, or noun it refers

who, whom, whomever, whoever, whose, which, that, what

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18
Q

Reflexive & Intensive Pronouns

A

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

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19
Q

Reflexive Pronouns

A

used when something acts on itself

ex. I hurt myself.

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20
Q

Intensive Pronouns

A

when drawing attention to the noun or pronoun it refers

ex. I, myself, will do it.

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21
Q

Verbal Nouns

A

a noun made from a verb

-gerunds & infinitives

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22
Q

Predicate

A

a verb used as a part of a sentence

maybe a simple or a complex w/verb and associated words like modifiers, objects, or complements

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23
Q

Verb

A

expresses action or state of being & tells what a noun or its substitute is doing or being

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24
Q

Helping Verbs

A

used to make some verb forms like:

  • simple future tense
  • perfect tense
  • progressive tense
  • conditional mood
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25
Q

Modal Verbs

A

verbs that help show mood

ex. can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must

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26
Q

Semimodal Verbs

A

words or phrases that act like modals but like main verbs in other ways

ex. be able to, dare to, have to, have got to, like to, need to, ought to, used to, want to

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27
Q

Transitive Verbs

A

have a direct object (a receiver of the action) that tells to WHAT or TO WHOM an action was done

ex. The legislature PASSED the bill.

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28
Q

Intransitive Verbs

A

does not take the direct object

two kinds:

  • linking verbs
  • complete verbs
29
Q

Linking Verbs (Copulative)

A

takes a predicate complement:

  • a predicate nominative
  • a predicate adjective
  • an = sign indicating equation between the subject and predicate complement
  • a predicate adjective may be modified by an adverb
30
Q

Predicate Nominative

A

noun or pronoun follows the linking verb

31
Q

Predicate Adjective

A

adjective following the linking verb may be modified by an adverb

32
Q

Complete Verbs

A

takes neither a direct object nor a predicate complement

ex. The woman HESITATED.

33
Q

Verb Tenses

A

refers mainly to time: when the action or state of being that the verb represents takes place

3 Time Frames:
-past, present, future

6 Basic Verb Tenses: past perfect, past, present perfect, present future perfect, future

6 Additional Progressive Verb Tenses

34
Q

Simple Tenses

A

a broad time frame that consists of past, present, and future tenses

  • identify a specific point of time
  • includes: ago, at, at that time, in, last, on, then, when
35
Q

Perfect Tenses

A

completed events taking place previous to other events in the same general block of time

  • something took place before another event in the past
  • something in the present started & finished before right now
  • something will already have taken place when another event in the future takes place
36
Q

Progressive Tenses

A

Two forms:

  • one responds to simple tense
  • the other responds to the perfect

used to form to be/ helping verbs and main verbs

stresses the ongoing nature of an activity of limited duration, can be complicated

37
Q

Regular Verbs

A

distinguishes the past from the present by adding ed/t or sometimes y becomes and I before ending

38
Q

Irregular Verbs

A

distinguish the past from the present by changing the middle of the verb by having different past-participle form (for use w/perfect) from the simple-past form or by not changing from present to past to past participle at all

39
Q

Sequence of Tenses

A

the time order of the forms from furthest in the past to the furthest in the future

  1. Past Perfect
  2. Past
  3. Present Perfect
  4. Present
  5. Future Perfect
  6. Future
40
Q

Past Perfect

A

events that occurred before those described in the past tense and are now concluded

ex. after, before, by, by the time, until, when

41
Q

Past-Perfect Progressive

A

for actions continuing from on point in the past to another one closer to the present before concluding
ex. The killing in Bosnia HAD BEEN GOING unchecked until NATO intervened.

42
Q

Past

A

for events that occurred in the past and are now concluded

ex. Answering Q: “How Long Ago?”
- also to express a time element in/on verb
ex. He first explained (verb) the signs of Parkinson’s disease in (time element) 2011.

43
Q

Present for Past

A

used by journalists to express the past in a headline

ex. Governor SIGNS Death Penalty into law.

Conversationally Expresses Past:
ex. “So, then I SAY to him…”

44
Q

Past Progressive

A

used for something that was happening in the past but has since ended

ex. The band WAS PLAYING to packed stadiums in 2007.

45
Q

Present Perfect

A

for events that started in the past and have continued into the present or have a connection with the present

ex. already, ever, for, never, not, yet, since
- Have ever wondered

46
Q

Present-Perfect Progressive

A

for actions that begin in the past and are still continuing in the present

ex. for, since

The Seattle Sounders HAVE BEEN PLAYING well SINCE opening day.

47
Q

Present

A

used for something that happens now

ex. Her book SITS on the table.

48
Q

Present Progressive

A

used in place of the simple present for many situations in which something is happening right now

ex. The president IS MEETING with his advisors.

49
Q

Present for Future

A

use of the simple present with an adverb of time to convey future

ex. She LEAVES TOMORROW.

50
Q

Future Perfect

A

events that will have been completed in the future before something else happens
-by, by the time, when

ex. BY THE TIME you read this column, the world series WILL HAVE BEEN DECIDED.

51
Q

Future-Perfect Progressive

A

for actions continuing from now into the future when the focus is on what will have been happening to that point. Projects into the future and looks back.

ex. This Monday, Tom WILL HAVE BEEN COACHING 30 years at Central.

52
Q

Future

A

events that will definitely occur in the future

ex. I WILL DECIDE what college I will attend on Saturday.

53
Q

Future Progressive

A

for events continuing in the future with no end in sight

ex. A hundred years from now, parents WILL STILL BE SHAKING their heads at their teens’ taste in music.

54
Q

Active Voice

A

stresses the doer of an action by making the doer the subject

ex. 1. The printer publishes the magazine.
2. The printer published the magazine.

-form of to have

55
Q

Passive Voice

A

stresses the receiver of an action by making the receiver the subject of a sentence and having the subject acted upon.

  • by/for implied and expressed
  • contains to be + past participle of main

ex. 1. The magazine IS PUBLISHED BY THE printer.
2. The magazine WAS PUBLISHED BY THE printer.

56
Q

Verb Mood

A

how the speaker or writer regards the statement being made

4 Moods:

  1. Indicative
  2. Imperative
  3. Conditional
  4. Subjunctive
57
Q

Indicative Mood

A

the sentence in which the verb that appears either states a fact or asks a question about a fact

58
Q

Imperative Mood

A

the sentence makes a command, issues instructions or entreats
only one verb tense–> present
does not include the subject, but implies it

ex. ADD 1 cup of flour. Please BE CAREFUL as you pour in the boiling water.

59
Q

Conditional Mood

A

expresses a condition

may use modal verbs (must) and semimodal verbs can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would

60
Q

Subjunctive Mood

A

used to talk about any condition contrary to fact, or to express a wish, doubt, prayer, desire, request, hypothetical situation or hope
“were”

ex. If I WERE you, I’d quit.
ex. The hijackers demanded that 17 terrorists BE set free.

61
Q

Verbals

A

a form of a verb is used as a part of speech other than a verb.
a verb form used as something other than a verb.

3 Kinds:

  1. Gerund
  2. Participle
  3. Infinitive
62
Q

Gerund

A

the present- or past-participle form of a verb used as a NOUN.
VERB + ING
often serves as subject and takes a possessive case

63
Q

Participle

A

the present-or past-participle form of a verb used as an ADJECTIVE
VERB +ING/+ED/+T/+NT/+EN/+N
modifies the intended noun

64
Q

Infinitive

A

the form of a verb that normally has “TO” in front of it, although, sometimes “TO” may be omitted
functions as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB

65
Q

Modifiers

A

words that describe or limit subjects, objects or verbs

they provide details

66
Q

Connecting Words

A

joins together parts of sentences

67
Q

Modifiers: Adjectives

A

modifies a noun by telling: how many, what kind, which, or whose

68
Q

Modifiers: Adverbs

A

modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb by telling: how, when, where, to what degree, to what extent, or how much

Journalism 106 (4 decks)

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