Chapter 2

Question 1

Phrase

Answer 1

groups of related words that lack either a subject or a verb

ex. to the restaurant
walking along the beach

Question 2

Clauses

Answer 2

groups of related words that have both a subject and a verb

There are two types: independent
dependent

ex. He wants it all.
because he wants it all.

Question 3

Sentences

Answer 3

groups of related words with a subject and a verb, but in addition, make a complete statement. At least one independent clause and a number of dependent clauses.

Question 4

Independent Clauses

Answer 4

a clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence

Question 5

Dependent Clauses

Answer 5

a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and works as a noun, adjective, or adverb rather than a complete statement–and must be joined by an independent clause

Question 6

Subordinate Clauses

Answer 6

Begins with subordinating conjunction

ex. The County Commission reject the idea BECAUSE NO ONE REALLY PUSHED FOR IT. (acts an adverb modifying rejected)

Question 7

Relative Clauses

Answer 7

begins with a relative pronoun

ex. WHOEVER MADE THAT RULE no longer works there. (acting in place of noun as subject)

can also work as noun as direct object or adjective modifying noun

Question 8

Restrictive

Answer 8

essential to a sentence’s meaning and is not set off by commas

Question 9

Nonrestrictive

Answer 9

not essential to a sentence’s meaning and is set off by commas, dashes, or parentheses

Question 10

Simple Sentence

Answer 10

has one independent clause and must contain one subject and verb.

ex. The team (s) is (v) in a slump (predicate).

Question 11

Compound Sentence

Answer 11

has two or more independent clauses, each expressing a complete thought

• shows thoughts are related & equal
  1. connected by comma + coordinate conjunction
  2. connected by semicolon
  3. connected by a conjunctive adverb w/ semicolon and followed by comma

Question 12

Complex Sentence

Answer 12

contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

connected by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns and usually what follows is a dependent clause

used to stress two or more ideas that are closely related

Question 13

Compound-Complex Sentence

Answer 13

contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Question 14

Fragments

Answer 14

a word or group of words that isn’t a complete sentence. It either lacks a subject or verb, or it’s a dependent clause

Question 15

Fused Sentences

Answer 15

unacceptably combines two or more independent clauses without putting punctuation between them

Question 16

Comma-Splice

Answer 16

unacceptably connects two or more independent clauses with only a comma

Question 17

Run-On Sentences

Answer 17

may or may not be grammatical, but it usually doesn’t work well because of unrelated items, unimportant details, or extra clauses are added as though the the writer didn’t know when to stop