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Biology 102 > Chapter 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cytology?

A

Study of cells

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2
Q

What is the fundamental unit of biology?

A
  • Cells
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3
Q

What type of microscope passes light over a magnified specimen to show 2D images?

A
  • Light Microscope
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4
Q

What type of specimens can light microscopes view and what type of magnification potential does it have?

A
  • colored (stained) live specimens
  • LOW magnification (1000-1500x)
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5
Q

What microscope uses a beam of electrons to pass through a thin slice of specimen to view a 2D image?

A
  • Transmission electron microscopy
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6
Q

What type of specimens can be viewed using a Transmission Electron Microscope? What magnification?

A
  • shows DEAD tissues as black/white images
  • VERY HIGH magnification (up to 10,000,000x)
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7
Q

What microscope uses a beam of electrons to bounce off the surface of structures to provide a 3D image of the structure?

A

Scanning electron microscope

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8
Q

What type of specimen can be viewed using a Scanning Electron Microscope? What magnification?

A
  • Dead tissues can be seen in black/white only

-VERY HIGH magnification (10,000,000x)

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9
Q

What are the name of cells that do not have a nucleus or organelles?

A
  • Prokaryotes

(Domain Bacteria & Archea)

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10
Q

What type of cells contain a nucleus and organelles?

A
  • Eukaryotes

(bigger and more specialized than prokaryotes)

  • Domain Eukarya (protists, animals, plants, and fungi)
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11
Q

What three parts can be seen if stained under a light microscope?

A
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
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12
Q

What is word meaning outside the cell?

A

Extracellular

-ex. blood plasma

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13
Q

What organelle is a selective outer barrier that regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell?

A

Plasma Membrane

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14
Q

What organelle is the control center of the cell and houses the DNA?

A
  • Nucleus
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15
Q

What is makes up the inside of a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

What is the syrupy fluid that gives the cells its shape and consistency?

A
  • Cytosol
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17
Q

What do you call large molecules inside the cells, such as melanin?

A
  • Inclusions
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18
Q

What are the name of “little organs” that perform specific functions in the cells?

A
  • Organelles
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19
Q

What does the following:
- Fix organelles in place
- Maintain cell shape and rigidity
- Direct movement of organelles in the cell
- Allow cell motility (that means movement); by cilia and flagella
- Move chromosomes during cell division

A
  • Cytoskeleton
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20
Q

What are the proteins that make the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate Filaments
  • Microtubules
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21
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A
  • Maintain and change cell shape
    (participate in muscle contraction and cell divisions)

7nm (smallest)

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22
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A
  • Provide structural support of the cell and stabilize junction btw cells (means to connect cells)

-8 to 12 nm (medium)

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23
Q

What are microtubules?

A
  • hollow tubes about 25 nm
  • made up of tubulin protein
  • come from organelle called the centrosome
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24
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A
  • Proteins and lipids (mostly phospholipids) in a fluid mosaic model

-Fluid mosaic model means that the molecules can move around in the fluid

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25
What part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic? What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?
- Head = hydrophilic (water-loving) bc it is charged - Tail = hydrophobic (water-fearing) bc it is uncharged
26
When exposed to water environment, like in a cell, the phospholipids form what? (Hint: two parallel sheets lying tail to tail)
- phospholipid bilayer
27
What is in the plasma membrane that strengthens and stabilizes the membrane against extreme temps?
- Cholesterol (20% of membrane lipids)
28
What is part of the plasma membrane that forms the glycocalyx, which has sugar molecules facing out?
- Glycolipids
29
What do proteins do in the plasma membrane?
1.Transport 2.Receptors 3.Anchorage for the cytoskeleton 4.Enzyme (catalytic) activity 5.Intercellular connection 6.Cell-cell recognition
30
What are the membrane bound organelles?
Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Vesicles (lysosomes and peroxisomes) Mitochondria (ALL EXCEPT THE MITOCHONDRIA MAKE UP THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM)
31
What does the nuclear envelope do?
- Double membrane that has pores that control what comes in and out of nucleus - Keeps DNA safe from chemical and viruses
32
What is nicknamed the "little nucleus" that is made up of RNA, enzymes, and other proteins? - also makes ribosomes
- Nucleolus
33
What organelle is a network of tunnels?
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
34
Which part of ER look rough because it has ribosomes on it and what does it do?
- ROUGH ER - Makes, stores, and transports proteins - also can make lysosomes
35
Which ER has a smooth look, and what does it do?
Smooth ER -makes, stores, and transports lipids (steroid hormones) - breaks down carbohydrates -detoxes drugs, alcohols, and poisons
36
What organelle is stacked cisternae that receives the proteins and lipids from the ER to sort and package them? -like a post office
- Golgi apparatus (Cis face = receives proteins) (Trans face = Ships proteins)
37
What are vesicles?
- storage organelles ex. lysosomes and peroxisomes
38
What are the vesicles that are made by the Golgi apparatus that have enzymes that digest wastes? - can digest damaged organelles (autophagy) - can break down whole cell (autolysis)
- lysosomes
39
What are the name of vesicles that are made by Rough ER and use oxygen to oxidize organic molecules by taking away their hydrogens?
- Peroxisomes (make hydrogen peroxide; the enzyme catalase helps convert it into water to protect the cell) (they can self-replicate)
40
What organelle has a double membrane that is the powerhouse of the cell? - Like bacteria, it also has its own DNA
Mitochondria (produces ATP) - inner membrane folded in cristae - inner fluid called matrix
41
What organelles are not membrane bound? - means they directly touch cytosol
- cytoskeleton - ribosomes - centrosomes and centrioles - cilia, flagella, microvilli
42
What organelles make proteins?
- ribosomes (free= ones floating in cytosol) (fixed=attached to rough ER)
43
What is organelle is attached to chromosomes during cell division, causing chromosome migration?
- Centriole
44
What group together on cells that help it move across surface?
- Cilia
45
What are longer than cilia and are used to propel a cell to move? -cell usually has only one
Flagella -ex. sperm have these
46
What are the thin, microscopic projections that come out of plasma membrane? -smaller than cilia and flagella
- Microvilli (INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA OF THE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT) -on surface of cells of the small intestines to increase absorption of nutrients
47
What elements make up organic molecules?
Just carbons and hydrogens (covalently bonded) - sometimes may have oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus
48
What are the 4 types of organic molecules?
- Carbohydrates - Lipids - Proteins - Nucleic Acids
49
What is the name for simple molecular unit that can link to other units? (just one)
Monomer
50
What do you call the structure made up of individual units put together?
Polymer
51
How are monomers linked together?
Dehydration synthesis (build by losing water)
52
How are are polymers broken?
Hydrolysis (adding water breaks bonds)
53
What organic molecule group does sugars and starches belong to?
Carbohydrates
54
What is the basic carbohydrate that is broken down to make ATP?
Glucose
55
How is extra energy stored?
It is stored as glycogen or in triglycerides
56
What is the basic molecular formula of carbohydrates?
CxH2xOx 1:2:1
57
How are hexoses normally used in the body? - Hexoses & Pentoses are monosaccharides
- used as fuel for body (Glucose, Fructose, Galactose)
58
How are pentoses used in body? - Hexoses & Pentoses are monosaccharides
Help make other molecules (ex. Ribose and Deoxyribose = both help make up RNA & DNA)
59
How are disaccharides and polysaccharides made?
- simple sugars put together through dehydration synthesis (bc it is a polymer!) [ex. glucose + galactose = lactose]
60
What is characterized by having: -long carbon skeleton -lots of branching -loss of sweetness and solubility
Polysaccharides Ex. - Cellulose: forms cell walls of plants - Starch : energy storage unit for plants - Glycogen : energy storage unit for plants
61
What are the organic molecules that don't dissolve in water?
Lipids (Triglycerides, Steroids, and Phospholipids)

Biology 102 (2 decks)

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