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Biology 102 > Chapter 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cytology?

A

Study of cells

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2
Q

What is the fundamental unit of biology?

A
  • Cells
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3
Q

What type of microscope passes light over a magnified specimen to show 2D images?

A
  • Light Microscope
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4
Q

What type of specimens can light microscopes view and what type of magnification potential does it have?

A
  • colored (stained) live specimens
  • LOW magnification (1000-1500x)
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5
Q

What microscope uses a beam of electrons to pass through a thin slice of specimen to view a 2D image?

A
  • Transmission electron microscopy
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6
Q

What type of specimens can be viewed using a Transmission Electron Microscope? What magnification?

A
  • shows DEAD tissues as black/white images
  • VERY HIGH magnification (up to 10,000,000x)
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7
Q

What microscope uses a beam of electrons to bounce off the surface of structures to provide a 3D image of the structure?

A

Scanning electron microscope

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8
Q

What type of specimen can be viewed using a Scanning Electron Microscope? What magnification?

A
  • Dead tissues can be seen in black/white only

-VERY HIGH magnification (10,000,000x)

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9
Q

What are the name of cells that do not have a nucleus or organelles?

A
  • Prokaryotes

(Domain Bacteria & Archea)

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10
Q

What type of cells contain a nucleus and organelles?

A
  • Eukaryotes

(bigger and more specialized than prokaryotes)

  • Domain Eukarya (protists, animals, plants, and fungi)
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11
Q

What three parts can be seen if stained under a light microscope?

A
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
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12
Q

What is word meaning outside the cell?

A

Extracellular

-ex. blood plasma

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13
Q

What organelle is a selective outer barrier that regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell?

A

Plasma Membrane

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14
Q

What organelle is the control center of the cell and houses the DNA?

A
  • Nucleus
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15
Q

What is makes up the inside of a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

What is the syrupy fluid that gives the cells its shape and consistency?

A
  • Cytosol
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17
Q

What do you call large molecules inside the cells, such as melanin?

A
  • Inclusions
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18
Q

What are the name of “little organs” that perform specific functions in the cells?

A
  • Organelles
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19
Q

What does the following:
- Fix organelles in place
- Maintain cell shape and rigidity
- Direct movement of organelles in the cell
- Allow cell motility (that means movement); by cilia and flagella
- Move chromosomes during cell division

A
  • Cytoskeleton
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20
Q

What are the proteins that make the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate Filaments
  • Microtubules
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21
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A
  • Maintain and change cell shape
    (participate in muscle contraction and cell divisions)

7nm (smallest)

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22
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A
  • Provide structural support of the cell and stabilize junction btw cells (means to connect cells)

-8 to 12 nm (medium)

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23
Q

What are microtubules?

A
  • hollow tubes about 25 nm
  • made up of tubulin protein
  • come from organelle called the centrosome
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24
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A
  • Proteins and lipids (mostly phospholipids) in a fluid mosaic model

-Fluid mosaic model means that the molecules can move around in the fluid

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25
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?
What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A
  • Head = hydrophilic (water-loving) bc it is charged
  • Tail = hydrophobic (water-fearing) bc it is uncharged
26
Q

When exposed to water environment, like in a cell, the phospholipids form what?

(Hint: two parallel sheets lying tail to tail)

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
27
Q

What is in the plasma membrane that strengthens and stabilizes the membrane against extreme temps?

A
  • Cholesterol (20% of membrane lipids)
28
Q

What is part of the plasma membrane that forms the glycocalyx, which has sugar molecules facing out?

A
  • Glycolipids
29
Q

What do proteins do in the plasma membrane?

A

1.Transport
2.Receptors
3.Anchorage for the cytoskeleton
4.Enzyme (catalytic) activity
5.Intercellular connection
6.Cell-cell recognition

30
Q

What are the membrane bound organelles?

A

Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles (lysosomes and peroxisomes)
Mitochondria

(ALL EXCEPT THE MITOCHONDRIA MAKE UP THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM)

31
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A
  • Double membrane that has pores that control what comes in and out of nucleus
  • Keeps DNA safe from chemical and viruses
32
Q

What is nicknamed the “little nucleus” that is made up of RNA, enzymes, and other proteins?

  • also makes ribosomes
A
  • Nucleolus
33
Q

What organelle is a network of tunnels?

A
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
34
Q

Which part of ER look rough because it has ribosomes on it and what does it do?

A
  • ROUGH ER
  • Makes, stores, and transports proteins
  • also can make lysosomes
35
Q

Which ER has a smooth look, and what does it do?

A

Smooth ER

-makes, stores, and transports lipids (steroid hormones)
- breaks down carbohydrates
-detoxes drugs, alcohols, and poisons

36
Q

What organelle is stacked cisternae that receives the proteins and lipids from the ER to sort and package them?

-like a post office

A
  • Golgi apparatus

(Cis face = receives proteins)
(Trans face = Ships proteins)

37
Q

What are vesicles?

A
  • storage organelles

ex. lysosomes and peroxisomes

38
Q

What are the vesicles that are made by the Golgi apparatus that have enzymes that digest wastes?

  • can digest damaged organelles (autophagy)
  • can break down whole cell (autolysis)
A
  • lysosomes
39
Q

What are the name of vesicles that are made by Rough ER and use oxygen to oxidize organic molecules by taking away their hydrogens?

A
  • Peroxisomes

(make hydrogen peroxide; the enzyme catalase helps convert it into water to protect the cell)

(they can self-replicate)

40
Q

What organelle has a double membrane that is the powerhouse of the cell?

  • Like bacteria, it also has its own DNA
A

Mitochondria

(produces ATP)

  • inner membrane folded in cristae
  • inner fluid called matrix
41
Q

What organelles are not membrane bound?

  • means they directly touch cytosol
A
  • cytoskeleton
  • ribosomes
  • centrosomes and centrioles
  • cilia, flagella, microvilli
42
Q

What organelles make proteins?

A
  • ribosomes

(free= ones floating in cytosol)
(fixed=attached to rough ER)

43
Q

What is organelle is attached to chromosomes during cell division, causing chromosome migration?

A
  • Centriole
44
Q

What group together on cells that help it move across surface?

A
  • Cilia
45
Q

What are longer than cilia and are used to propel a cell to move?

-cell usually has only one

A

Flagella

-ex. sperm have these

46
Q

What are the thin, microscopic projections that come out of plasma membrane?

-smaller than cilia and flagella

A
  • Microvilli

(INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA OF THE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT)

-on surface of cells of the small intestines to increase absorption of nutrients

47
Q

What elements make up organic molecules?

A

Just carbons and hydrogens (covalently bonded)

  • sometimes may have oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus
48
Q

What are the 4 types of organic molecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
49
Q

What is the name for simple molecular unit that can link to other units?

(just one)

A

Monomer

50
Q

What do you call the structure made up of individual units put together?

A

Polymer

51
Q

How are monomers linked together?

A

Dehydration synthesis

(build by losing water)

52
Q

How are are polymers broken?

A

Hydrolysis

(adding water breaks bonds)

53
Q

What organic molecule group does sugars and starches belong to?

A

Carbohydrates

54
Q

What is the basic carbohydrate that is broken down to make ATP?

A

Glucose

55
Q

How is extra energy stored?

A

It is stored as glycogen or in triglycerides

56
Q

What is the basic molecular formula of carbohydrates?

A

CxH2xOx

1:2:1

57
Q

How are hexoses normally used in the body?

  • Hexoses & Pentoses are monosaccharides
A
  • used as fuel for body

(Glucose, Fructose, Galactose)

58
Q

How are pentoses used in body?

  • Hexoses & Pentoses are monosaccharides
A

Help make other molecules

(ex. Ribose and Deoxyribose = both help make up RNA & DNA)

59
Q

How are disaccharides and polysaccharides made?

A
  • simple sugars put together through dehydration synthesis (bc it is a polymer!)

[ex. glucose + galactose = lactose]

60
Q

What is characterized by having:

-long carbon skeleton
-lots of branching
-loss of sweetness and solubility

A

Polysaccharides

Ex.
- Cellulose: forms cell walls of plants
- Starch : energy storage unit for plants
- Glycogen : energy storage unit for plants

61
Q

What are the organic molecules that don’t dissolve in water?

A

Lipids

(Triglycerides, Steroids, and Phospholipids)

Biology 102 (2 decks)

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