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Biology 102 > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Biology?

A

The scientific study of life.

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2
Q

All organisms are made of what?

A

Cells

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3
Q

What are the basic units of life?

A

Cells

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4
Q

What are simple SINGLE celled organisms called?
What about Complex organisms?

A
  • Single celled = UNICELLULAR
  • Complex = MULTICELLULAR
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5
Q

All organisms have DNA, but what is DNA?

A

molecule that carries genetic information that is passed down generations

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6
Q

How is DNA used?

A

to make proteins that tell the cells to do work

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7
Q

Life is defined by its characteristics.
What are the Characteristics of life?

A
  • Organization
  • Energy
  • Internal constancy
  • Reproduction, Growth, & Development
  • Evolution
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8
Q

Matter that makes up life is organized into what?

A

Atoms

(smallest chemical unit of a pure substance)

Ex. Carbon atom

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9
Q

Atoms are organized into what?

A

Molecules

(group of joined atoms)

example: DNA

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10
Q

Molecules are organized into what?

Do all cells have them?

A

Organelles

(membrane bound structure with a job in a cell)

Ex. Chloroplast

[SOME CELLS DO NOT HAVE THEM; SOME DO]

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11
Q

Organelles are organized into what?

Do all life have cells?

A

Cells

( UNIT Of LIFE)

Ex. leaf cell, blood cell, skin cell, etc

ALL LIFE NEEDS CELLS

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12
Q

Cells are organized into what?

A

Tissue

(collection of specialized cells that work together)

Ex. Epidermis of leaf ( all skin cells of leaf working together)

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13
Q

Tissue is organized into what?

A

Organs

(structure made of tissue that work together to do a job)

Ex. a whole Leaf

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14
Q

Organs are organized into what?

A

Organ systems

(Organs working together to do a job)

Ex. Aboveground part of a plant (all Leaves and Stems of plant working together)

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15
Q

Life is organized into organ systems working together to create?

A

Organisms

(A single living individual)

Ex. an entire Apple tree

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16
Q

Individual organisms are organized into what?

A

Populations

(group of the same species living in same place and time)

Ex. Multiple apple trees in same area

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17
Q

Populations make up what?

A

Communities

(All the populations that occupy the same region)

Ex. All the populations in a savanna or all the populations in a forest

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18
Q

Communities make up what?

A

Ecosystems

(the LIVING and NON-LIVING parts of an area)

Ex. The entire forest (including the animals, trees, rocks, dirt, etc)

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19
Q

Ecosystems make up what?

A

Biosphere

(the global ecosystem = all part of the planet and atmosphere where life is possible)

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20
Q

What does organization lead to?

A

Emergent properties

(the parts working together as a whole)

Ex. Brain cell working with other brain cells to help the whole brain remember things
(Memory = the emergent property)

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21
Q

Which of the following statements is false?

A.Organs consist of tissues.
B.Populations consist of organisms.
C.Molecules consist of cells.
D.Organisms consist of atoms.
E.Organelles consist of molecules.

A

C. Molecules consist of cells is false.

Molecules are smaller than cells. Molecules make up atoms, and atoms make up cells.

So it should be changed to Cells consist of Molecules

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22
Q

What is Energy needed for?

A
  1. Keeping organized
  2. Doing chemical reactions
  3. Transporting molecules in and out cells
  4. Keep Internal constancy
  5. Reproducing, growing, developing

(basically it is needed for all the characteristics of life)

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23
Q

What do the group Producers include?

(get energy FROM NON-LIVING ENVIROMENT)
EX. photosynthesis

A
  • PLANTS
  • Protists
  • Many Prokaryotes
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24
Q

What do the group Consumers consist of?

(get energy by EATING OTHER ORGANISMS)

A
  • Mostly ANIMALS
    ( & a few protists and prokaryotes)
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25
Q

What does the group of Decomposers consist of?

(get energy FROM DEAD ORGANISMS and waste)

A
  • FUNGI
  • Some animals (ex. earthworms)
  • Some protists
  • MANY PROKARYOTES
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26
Q

What does HOMEOSTASIS mean?

A
  • keep internal constancy
  • keep insides the same
  • OPTIMAL BALANCE

(ex. internal thermostat to keep same body temp)
(ex. Shivering tells you that you are cold so you put on jacket

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27
Q

What does asexual reproduction mean?

A
  • only one parent is involved and offspring are identical

(successful strategy in unchanging environments)

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28
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A
  • two parents involved and offspring are genetically different

(successful strategy in changing environments)

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29
Q

Does SEXUAL reproduction create genetic variation among organisms?

A
  • YES
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30
Q

What is the term meaning genetic change over time in a population?

A

Evolution

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31
Q

What is the term scientists use that mean to NAME AND CLASSIFY ORGANISMS?

A

Taxonomy

(grouped by features, structure, and DNA sequences)

32
Q

What does taxonomy reveal?

A

Evolutionary relationships

(tells how close things are related)

33
Q

All organisms share…

A

Common ancestors

34
Q

What is the most inclusive taxonomy level?

What is the least inclusive taxonomy level?

A

-Domain (MOST INCLUSIVE)

-Species (LEAST INCLUSIVE)

35
Q

What are the three branches (DOMAINS) of the tree of life?

A
  • Domain Bacteria
  • Domain Archaea
  • Domain Eukarya
36
Q

Which domains have prokaryotes and are unicellular?

A
  • Domain Bacteria
  • Domain Archaea
37
Q

What kingdom in the domain Eukarya is the most diverse?

A
  • Kingdom Protista

(Can be Unicellular or Multicellular)
(Can be Autotrophs or Heterotrophs)

38
Q

Organisms in what domain have larger, more complex cells with nuclei?

A

-Domain Eukarya

39
Q

What kingdom of Domain Animalia include vertebrates, such as fish, frogs, and humans?

A
  • Kingdom Animalia

(multicellular)
(Heterotrophs - by ingestion)

40
Q

What kingdom has decomposers?

A

Kingdom Fungi

  • multicellular
  • Heterotrophs (external digestion)
41
Q

What kingdom in domain Eukarya are producers that capture light energy from the sun?

A

Kingdom Plantae

(multicellular)
(autotrophs)

42
Q

What is used as the process to study the natural world?

A
  • Scientific method
43
Q

How does the scientific method begin?

A
  • Observations and Questions
44
Q

What comes after or is based on observations?

A
  • Hypothesis & Predictions
45
Q

What is designed to test the hypothesis?

A
  • The experiment
46
Q

What is the step of the scientific method that is based on data from experiment?

A

Conclusion

  • supports or refutes the hypothesis
  • then lastly is peer review
47
Q

What are the two variables?

A
  • Independent (what you control or change)
  • Dependent (what is measure or affect of independent variable)
48
Q

What is the control of the experiment?

A
  • untreated group that receives a placebo
  • used for comparison!
49
Q

What is the probability that the results arose purely by chance?

A

statistical significance

50
Q

What is a theory?

A

An explanation for a natural phenomenon and broader in scope than hypotheses.

51
Q

What are facts?

A

Repeatable observations that everyone agrees on

52
Q

What are some limitations to scientific inquiry?

A

•Multiple interpretations
•Misinterpretations of observations or results
•Slow acceptance of unexpected conclusions
•Limited to existing phenomena of the natural world

53
Q

What is the term that means “amy material that takes up space”?

A
  • Matter
54
Q

What term means “a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances”?

A

Elements

55
Q

What makes up matter?

A

Atoms

56
Q

Atoms can be broken down into three particles, what are they?

A

Protons, Neutrons, & Electrons

57
Q

What link atoms together?

A

Chemical Bonds

58
Q

Atoms are put into what?

-Term for two or more chemically joined atoms

A

Molecules

59
Q

What is the name of for the molecule that has 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom?

A
  • Water (H2O)
60
Q

What is the term for molecules that have two or more elements?

A

Compound

example: water (has hydrogen AND oxygen)

61
Q

In water, more electrons hang around oxygen making it have a what?

A

slightly negative charge

62
Q

In water, less electrons hang around hydrogen making it have a what?

A

slightly positive charge

63
Q

Partial charges in molecules create what type of bonds?

A

hydrogen bonds

64
Q

Water is cohesive. What does that mean?

A
  • water molecules can stick to each other.

(This gives liquid water a high surface tension. THIS IS HOW BUGS CAN WALK ON WATER)

65
Q

Water is also adhesive. What does that mean?

A
  • It can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules.
  • meaning water can stick to other things.
66
Q

What helps water molecules get up the roots of plants?

A
  • Cohesion and Adhesion
67
Q

Water is a great solvent. What types of substances does it dissolve?

A
  • Polar solutes & Ions
68
Q

How does water dissolve salt (NaCl)?

A
  • the slight negative charge on water attracts positive charges, such as the Na+

*the slight positive charge attracts negative charges (Cl-).

69
Q

How does water regulate temperature?

A
  • Hydrogen bonds make water resist temp changes.
  • water heats up and cools down slowly.
70
Q

Why does water expand when freezing?

A
  • Hydrogen bonds make water molecules spread out as freezes into ice.
71
Q

What is less dense ice or water?

A
  • Ice
    (thats why it floats)
72
Q

What helps aquatic life survive the winter?

A
  • the top layer of ice provides insulation to keep the rest from freezing
73
Q

What is the term used for when two or more molecules (reactants) exchange atoms resulting in different molecules (products)?

A
  • chemical reaction
74
Q

What life chemical reactions does water participate in?

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Respiration
75
Q

Which property contributes to the high surface tension of water?

A. Hydrogen bonding
B. Polar covalent bonds
C. Cohesion
D. Polar covalent bonds and cohesion
E. All of the choices are correct.

A

C. Cohesion

Biology 102 (2 decks)

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