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SFL > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis

A

A single-cell develops into a complex human being as DNA replicates itself

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

Only about sex cell production-cell division. halves the number of chromosomes and crossover takes place`

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3
Q

Monozygotic

A

Identical twins

zygote separates into 2 clusters of cells that have the same DNA

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4
Q

Dizygotic

A

Fraternal twins

Two ova are released and both are fertilized by two separate sperm. They have different DNA

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5
Q

Homozygous

A

both alleles are alike and child will display the trait

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6
Q

Heterozygous

A

the alleles differ and the child will carry the gene but may or may not display it

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7
Q

X-linked inheritance

A

if the mother has one normal and one abnormal allele on her chromosomes. by looking at the possible combinations of the parents’ alleles, that 50% of the girls will carry the disorder and 50% of the males will likely have the disorder

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8
Q

Female chromosomes

A

XX

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9
Q

Male chromosomes

A

XY

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10
Q

Germline Mutation

A

The environment changes your DNA and you pass it on to your kids BECAUSE OF THE SEX CELLS (mothers exposed to radiation before conception)

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11
Q

somatic Mutation

A

Normal body cells mutate. can happen at anytime throughout your life. genetic suseptibility

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12
Q

Risk factors for down syndrome

A 
AGE
20 years old-- 1 in 1900 births
25-- 1 in 1200
30-- 1 in 900
33-- 1 in 600
48-- 1 in 15
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13
Q

Sperm production and viability

A

Men produce over 300 million a day
The swim upstream causes most to die
only 300-500 will reach the ovum if one is present
can live for up to 6 days and can die in wait for the ovum, which survives only one day after being released into the Fallopian tube

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14
Q

Ectoderm

A

nervous system and skin

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15
Q

mesoderm

A

muscles and organs

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16
Q

endoderm

A

digestive system and urinary tract

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17
Q

Zygote

A

conception to 2 weeks. finding food and shelter

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18
Q

embryonic stage

A

3-8 weeks. most susceptible to environment. laying the groundwork for basic structure and for internal organs

19
Q

Fetus period

A

9 weeks-birth growing and finishing stage

20
Q

teratogens

A

anything that causes problems in pregnancy– chemicals, radioactive exposure, taking too many vitamins, smoking (epigenetic issue) drug, alcohol use. incredibly devastating during the embryonic stage.

21
Q

Fetal activity and postnatal abilities

A

fetal activity may be an indicator of healthy neurological development
there is a relationship between active fetuses and children who were more able to handle frustration .
higher fetal activity predicts a more active infant

22
Q

effects of Tobacco use during pregnancy

A

Low birth weight
Likelihood of increases in miscarriges, prematurity, cleft palate and cleft lip, impaired heart rate and breathing during sleep, infant death, asthma and cancer

23
Q

Effects of alcohol use during pregnancy

A

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
fetal alcohol syndrome
Partial fetal alcohol syndrome
alcohol related neuro-developmental disorder

24
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

encompasses a range of physical, mental and behavioral outcomes due to pre-natal alcohol exposure

25
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

slow physical growth, a pattern of 3 face abnormalities (short eyelids, thin upper lip, flattened philtrum, indentation running from bottom of nose to center of upper lip), brain injury

26
Q

Partial fetal alcohol syndrome

A

2 of 3 facial abnormalities from FAS, brain injury

27
Q

Alcohol related neuro-developmental disorder

A

3 areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and lack of facial abnormalities

28
Q

Health effects of folic acid during pregnancy

A

Need to have a sufficient amount of folic acid during embryonic stage when spine is forming.
intake of Vitamin C prevents neural tube defects and spina bifida.
Helps the mother carry full term

29
Q

maternal age as it relates to pregnancy

A

the fetus is likely to be more healthy and be carried to full term if the mother is younger
Best time to have babies is in the 20’s

30
Q

Effects of labor and delivery medication

A

Analgesics—> drugs used to relieve pain. Given in mild doses during labor to help mother relax
Anesthetics—> strong painkiller that blocks sensation.
Epidural—> regional pain-relieving drug delivered continuously though a catheter in a small space in the lower spine. limits pain to the pelvic region so the mother is able to push. labor and delivery are prolonged and chances of c-section increase.

31
Q

New childbirth trends

A 
sitting upright 
home delivery
water birth
natural birth
medicated birth
32
Q

Sitting upright birthing

A

Increases blood flow to the baby
shorter labor with stronger contractions and more effective pushing
mother can see the delivery and can work with doctor or widwife on how to push
less likely to use pain relieving medication

33
Q

home delivery

A

mostly handled by certified nurse mid-wives
done for the comfort of the home, to avoid uneccesary medical procedures and costs and to have greater control of the baby after birth
if attendants are not prepared to handle emergencies, infant death is high

34
Q

water birth

A

warm tub of water that supports weight , relaxes and provides freedom to move into any position
reduced stress, shorter labor and greater likelihood of medication-free delivery

35
Q

medicated birth

A

epidural or birth will pain killers

36
Q

Stage 1 of labor

A

Dilation and effacement of the cervix: longest stage of labor, lasting an average of 12-14 hours of first birth and 4-6 with later births. contractions of the uterus gradually become more frequent and powerful causing the cervix or uterine opening to widen and thin to nothing forming a clear channel form the uterus into the birth canal or vagina

37
Q

Stage 2 of labor

A

delivery: 50 minutes for a first baby and 20 min for later babies. strong contraction of the uterus continue but the mother feels a natural urge to push. forcing the baby down and out.

38
Q

Stage 3 of labor

A

Birth of the placenta: labor comes to an end and with a few final pushes the placenta separates form the wall of the uterus and is delivered in about 5-10 minutes

39
Q

Canalization of human behavior

A

tendency of hereditary to restrict development of some characteristics to just one or two outcomes
things that tend to naturally unfold—> toddler learning to walk around 1 year of age

40
Q

Passive correlations

A

when your genes match your environment but not because you chose it
(child in an athletic environment because the parents were athletic)

41
Q

Evocative correlations

A

Based on appearance

if you are beautiful or attractive people tend to treat you better or think you are smarter

42
Q

Active correlations

A

niche picking. finding environments that reflect your genetic tendencies thereby further developing them.

43
Q

Pros and cons of reproductive technologies

A

Donor insemination: injection of sperm from an anonymous man into a woman. lets women without a male partner become pregnant. 70-80% successful.
In vitro fertilization: ova are removed from a woman and fertilized with sperm in a dish of nutrients. Once an ovum is fertilized it duplicates and is then injected into the mother’s uterus. Used to reat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged. helps overcome male fertility problems. fertilized ovum can be frozen and and stored in embryo banks for later use. 35% successful. success declines with age. 50% result in multiple births. low birth weight trends
controversy: sex selection

Surrogate motherhood: femal is fertilized with male’s sperm and then turns the baby over to him after the child is born. Child is then adopted by his partner. Surrogate is paid a fee

New reproductive frontiers: doctors can impregnate a postmenopausal women. selecting ova or sperm based on gender, IQ, or physical characteristics.

Fertility drugs often result in multiple fetuses

44
Q

A case of Epigenesis: smoking during pregnancy alters gene expression

A

research shows that environment effects the way that genes operate but does not change the genome itself.

risk factors: attention deficit disorder (ADHD)

most common disorders in children
symptoms—> inattention, impulsivity and overreactivity. serious academic and social problems.

prenatal exposure to toxins may modify the genes activity.

Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy scored higher on the ADHD behavior scale.

SFL (9 decks)

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