Chapter 1: Major Theories

Question 0

Id

Answer 0

Impulsively demands basic needs

Question 1

Freud’s theory

Answer 1

Parental management of children instinctual sexual and aggression drives
“Seething cauldron”
Children are inherently selfish and driven by unconscious instincts
ID, Ego, Superego

Question 2

Ego

Answer 2

Restrains impulse long enough to find realistic methods of satisfying needs

Question 3

Superego

Answer 3

Decided whether ego’s problem solving strategies are morally acceptable

Question 4

Oral

Answer 4

Birth-1 year
Libidinal energy focused in the mouth
Thumb sucking, breastfeeding
Must be appropriately met or problems occur later in life like (nail biting, pencil chewing)

Question 5

Anal

Answer 5

1-3 years
Holding and releasing feces as a new source of pleasure
A major issue when it comes to toilet training
“Anal” personality= controlling

Question 6

Phallic

Answer 6

3-6 years
Libidinal energy is focus in the genitals
-Oedipus complex and castration anxiety for boys
-penis envy and Electra complex for girls
Children start to develop feelings for the opposite sex parent

Question 7

Latency

Answer 7

6-11 years

Time of relative calm of the sexual instincts

Question 8

Genital

Answer 8

Adolescence

Puberty reawakens sexual urges

Question 9

Psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 9

Children move through series of stages that confront biological drives and social expectations
How they deal with these determines persons ability to learn and get along with other and deal with anxiety

Question 10

Basic trust versus mistrust

Answer 10

Birth-1 year
Compares to oral stage
Depending on treatment from parents(warm/harsh and distant) children develop feeling of trust or mistrust

Question 11

Erikson’s theory

Answer 11

believed in development through nurture and that it was discontinuous and changes depending on the environment around the child

Question 12

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer 12

1-3 years
Compares to anal stage
Children use new motor and mental skills to decide and choose for themselves.
Autonomy is fostered when parents permit reasonable free choice and do not shame the child

Question 13

Initiative versus guilt

Answer 13

3-6 years
Compares to phallic stage
Through make-believe children experiment with what they can become
Initiative develops when parents support child’s ambition. If parents demand too much self-control it can lead to guilt

Question 14

Industry versus inferiority

Answer 14

6-11 years
Compares to Latency stage
Children develop skills to work with others at school. Inferiority develops when experiences lead them to feel incompetent

Question 15

Identity versus identity diffusion

Answer 15

Adolescence
Compares to genital stage
Child answers “who am I and what is my place in society?”
Negative outcome is confusion about future adult roles

Question 16

Intimacy versus isolation

Answer 16

Young adulthood
Young people work on establishing intimate ties with others. Because of early disappointments some become isolated and cannot form relationships

Question 17

Generator out versus stagnation

Answer 17

Middle adulthood
Giving to the next generation through child rearing, caring for others or productive work. The person who fails in the ways feels absent and unaccomplished

Question 18

Ego integrity versus despair

Answer 18

Old age
Reflection on the kind of person they’ve been. Integrity comes from feeling life was worth living. Despair comes from those who are dissatisfied with their lives and fear death

Question 19

Behaviorism

Answer 19

Directly observable events (Stimuli and responses) are the appropriate focus of study

Question 20

Watson’s behaviorism

Answer 20

Classical conditioning
Personality is the sum of experiences and learned habits
Little Albert study (white rats and scary noise)
Parents are fully responsible for child’s outcome
Objective and firm, don’t hug

Question 21

Skinner’s radical behaviorism

Answer 21

Operant condition theory
Behavior is strictly molded by external stimuli
Want more of a behavior-reinforce
Want less of a behavior-punish

Question 22

Bandura’s social learning theory

Answer 22

Learning can happen through observation or deferred imitation

Question 23

Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory

Answer 23

Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
Assimilation-new experiences are interpreted according to current schemas
Accommodation- schemas are adapted to be consistent with new experiences
Disequilibrium-don’t know what is happening, new experience that doesn’t fit into a schema

Question 24

Behavior modification

Answer 24

Procedures that eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable ones

Question 25

Classical conditioning

Answer 25

Training dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell

Question 26

Operant learning

Answer 26

Rewarding good behavior and punishing bad behavior

Question 27

Social learning

Answer 27

Modeling and imitation is a powerful source of development