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Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What did Freud do?

A

located the origins of gender early in our childhood development and in ways which children unconsciously make sense of the ananomical differences

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1
Q

Psychologists are more interested in..

A

Individual and the processes of the mind and brain

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2
Q

What is Oedipus/Electra complex?

A

how children develop their masculine and feminine identity unconsciously

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3
Q

What is castration complex?

A

a fear that their own fathers will castrate them if they act on their sexual desire toward their mother

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4
Q

Sex difference Research is concerned with…

A

identifying whether or not a wide range of traits, dispostions, and behaviors differ significantly between men and women

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5
Q

What is Phallic symbols?

A

any abstract representation of the penis

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6
Q

What is the cognitive ability differences?

A

mathematical, verbal and visopatial

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7
Q

Maccoby and Jaklin’s book found that the….

A

differences weren’t that many and were’t that great

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8
Q

What is Mea-analysis, or the aggregation of a body of research?

A

is used to show that these differences do or don’t exist across different groups

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9
Q

What are four important ideas to take away from sex difference research?

A
  1. the task of establishing sex differences is complex and difficult
  2. It has implications beyond the realm of research, such as real implications for gender inequality in schools or the workplace
  3. It is, for the most part, descriptive research- it identifies whether differences exist or not, but without explaining the reasoning for those differences
  4. This research identifies an important question for us- what is connection between difference and inequality
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10
Q

Cultural anthropology and sociology ask…

A

some of the same questions about society and how it works, but anthropology studies many aspect of human behavior not contained in sociology

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11
Q

Anthropologists focus on…

A

how societies interact with their physical environment more than sociologist

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12
Q

What is Ethnography….

A

the main tool of anthropologists and involves sustained time spent in the feild, living with the group you studying

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13
Q

Anthropologists are committed to the…

A

cross-cultural study of various aspects of society, including gender

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14
Q

Anthropological Approaches to gender believe…

A

Sex and Temperament in 3 primitive societies

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15
Q

Margaret mead, a student of Franz Boas, were both invested in using Anthropology to…

A

demonstrate the importance of nurture over nature in the development of many human behaviors

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16
Q

Mead’s studies focused on…

A

how beliefs about what is masculine and feminine is cultural; sex as a result of social conditioning and socialization

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17
Q

The man the hunter and woman the gatherer influenced….

A

the common images we have of “cavem” as prehistoric people

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18
Q

Andocentric theories assume…

A

That what men do is more important that what women do

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19
Q

What is matrillineal?

A

means that both kinship and property are passed down based on your mother

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20
Q

What is patrilineal?

A

those that assume decent throught the father and the male line

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21
Q

Queer Theory argues that these divisions between psychology, anthropology and sociology….

A

are all about attempting to privilege certain types of knowledge over others through science and objectivity

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22
Q

Queer Theory points out many feminists point to this as another example of gender because…

A

objectivity= masculine

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23
Q

queer theory begins with a definite suspicion of…

A

current intellectual discourse

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24
Q

“Queer” has historically be used as a….

A

derogatory term, and as language matters, it has been reclaimed by this theory as a word of empowerment

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25
Q

What where the three main movements of queer theory?

A

Gay and lesbian rights movement
Postmodernism
Feminism

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26
Q

What was the Postmodernism movement?

A

developed out of the questioning of whether there was a “unified homosexual identity”

27
Q

What is meta-narratives?

A

any attempt at a comprehensive and universal explantion of some phenomenon

28
Q

These meta-narratives have power implications for…

A

those who do not fit the narrative

29
Q

Queer theory has no intention of solving any of the problems of other theories because…..

A

this would be establishing another meta-narrative

30
Q

What are the three features of queer theory as a general orientation?

A
  1. as a theoretical approach it is distrustful of categories; as a social movement- it aims to dow away with categories in their current form
  2. Thinks of categories of identity as open and fluid
  3. It has ambition to queer many features of academic and social life that are generally considered the bounds of normality
31
Q

What is homosociality?

A

the continuum of cooperative relations between people of the same gender, and it ranges from actual homosexual intimacy to same-sex friendship

32
Q

what is homophobia?

A

the fear or disavowal of homosexuality

33
Q

Sociobiology is more of a Biosocial approach that augers….

A

for the strong role our biology plays in the explanation of what is called sex differences

34
Q

psychology and sociobiology both say that…

A

behaviors are generally conceived as social, such as agreession, are seen as the outcome of human evolutionary adaptations

35
Q

What is natural selection?

A

the process outlined by darwin, where adaptations are selected in a population based on the degree to witch they help the organism survive and reproduce

36
Q

Sociobiology rely on the sex differences research, and say that…

A

when males and females face the same adaptive problems there will be no sex differences

37
Q

What is adaptive problems?

A

some environmental pressure put on an organism’s biological makeup or behavior due to the need to survive

38
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

evolution of characteristics based on reproductive advantage

39
Q

In sexual selection males and females engage in competition with…

A

members of their own sex to successful gain access to mate with more desirable partners

40
Q

Sexual selection can occur thought the…

A

mechanism of mate preference itself

41
Q

what is monogamous?

A

pairs reproduce and stay together for extended periods of time

42
Q

What is polygynous?

A

no pairing off and males compete to mate with females

43
Q

what is paternity uncertainty?

A

the issue of men knowing whether offspring are their own

44
Q

In paternity uncertainty surveys of infidelity who that…

A

women are more worried about ben being emotionally attached to the new partner, while men worry about sexual relations

45
Q

What is reciprocity hypothesis?

A

notes that in primate groups that consists of one male and many females, males generally do not participate much in the care of infants

46
Q

What is Biological Determinism?

A

any theory or ideology that attempts to reduce some type of behavior to unchangeable biological roots

47
Q

Many who study human evolution argue that…

A

culture is as natural to human as any biological process

48
Q

Fausto-Sterling argued that…

A

cultural explanations are just as plausible as biological one for explaining adaptation

49
Q

What is the important implications of these theories?

A
  1. What do they suggest about the possibility of changed sex differences, and how do they suggest do to that
  2. Does their reliance on biological explanations serve as a means for justifying current status quo or supporting the current state of inquality in regards to gender
50
Q

What is development project?

A

colonizers assumed their presence lessened gender inequality among colonized people, as they established their own ideologies there which they held to be better

51
Q

What is modernization theory?

A

posits that the postcolonial world could become like the countries of the developed world if they followed their lead economically, political and socially

52
Q

Modernization theory is the goal of many nongovernmental organizations that..

A

work on various social issues

53
Q

What is formal economy?

A

sector of the economy that is regulated by the government or legal systems

54
Q

What is informal economy?

A

sector of the economy that is not regulated by the government or legal systems and therefore more difficult to measure and control

55
Q

What is commodity crops?

A

agricultural products that can be exported and sold on the world market

56
Q

what is subsistence agriculture?

A

growing crops to directly feed or provide for yourself and your family

57
Q

The restructuring of a society’s economy has become key in…

A

modernization

58
Q

Economic models often miss the kind of work done primarily by women because…

A

they focus on formal economy verse informal economy

59
Q

One study found that if women’s work worldwide in the informal economy was included in official economic calculations….

A

the world’s GDP would increase by almost one-third

60
Q

Women in development (WID) is a new perspective that developed out of the….

A

neglect of women’s roles in development

61
Q

The WID approach is less of a theory than a…

A

call to integrate gender into the preexisting development project

62
Q

Development programs aim to more land to…

A

commodity crops vs. subsistence agricuture, which is not a gender neutral process

63
Q

Ecofeminism builds on the idea of women being oppressed because….

A

of their connection to nature

64
Q

Ecofeminism propose was not just to be about gnder and the enviorment, but..

A

to be a multiple issue movement that also examines all types of domination

65
Q

Ecofeminism also points to the concrete connections between….

A

gender and the ways in which people experience environmental impact

66
Q

Ecofeminists also highlight the ways in which women can become…

A

important social movement leaders in issues related to environmental concerns

Society (12 decks)

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