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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is Theory?

A

a set of statements and propositions that seek to explain or predict a particular aspect of social life

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1
Q

Why do you need theory to understand gender?

A

To realize that everyone already has a working theory in their own mind about gender

Some common explanations for gender are biology, certain situations, and context

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2
Q

Why is it important to learn theories?

A

We may never have tested or investigated those theories in rigorous ways
To help us test the explanations of our own way of understanding gender

To help us figure out if our own perceptions and experiences about gender can truly be trusted

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3
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

our tendency to look for information that confirms our preexisting beliefs while ignoring information that contradicts those beliefs

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4
Q

What was gender in sociology like before feminism?

A

Sociology was developed primarily by white, upper class, European,presumably heterosexual men

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5
Q

What were the two main problems in early sociology of gender?

A

Men served as a proxy for all human beings

Uncritical assumption and reinforcement of a certain gender status quo that confined women to the private sphere of the home

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6
Q

What is privilege?

A

a set of mostly unearned rewards and benefits that come with a given status position in society

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7
Q

What was the 1st wave of feminism?

A

It coincided with the suffrage movement and focused on women’s right to vote

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8
Q

What was the 2nd wave of feminism?

A

It developed during the 60s and is most commonly associated with “bra burners” and society’s view of what feminism is

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9
Q

What was the 3rd wave of feminism?

A

It emerged during the 80’s and 90s and really focused more attention to race and sexual orientation

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10
Q

What was the important outcome of the 3rd wave?

A

There is no “universal” experience of being a man or a woman

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11
Q

What is social movement abeyance?

A

a way to keep the basic ideas of a movement alive during a period of decreased activism, often due to increased resistance and hostility to the movement or to a shift in the opportunities that make movements more or less successful

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12
Q

What is a social movement cycle?

A

a period of increasing frequency and intensity in social movement activities that spread throughout various parts of society and globally across countries.

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13
Q

What is liberal feminism?

A

The inequality between men and women is rooted in the way existing institution such as government treat men and women

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14
Q

Liberal feminism claims….

A

are grounded in a set of basic human rights

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15
Q

Liberal feminism is part of a….

A

larger social movement master frame of equal rights

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16
Q

What is the assumption of liberal feminism?

A

One barriers to competition are removed, men and women will become increasingly similar

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17
Q

What is a Master Frame?

A

a method of interpreting the word that identifies a particular problem, suggests a particular cause for that problem, and proposes a ways to resolve the particular problem.

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19
Q

What is Radical Feminism?

A

the premise that women and men are fundamentally different and treatment as a “sex class”, early socialization

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20
Q

Radical Feminism say gender severs as an….

A

integral tool for distributing power and resources among groups and people

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21
Q

What is consciousness- raising?

A

seeks to help women see the connections between their personal experiences with gender exploitation and a larger sense of the politics and structure of society

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22
Q

Feminists argue in various forms that a…

A

society with more gender equality is a society that is good for everyone: men and women

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23
Q

Increasingly more sociological studies are looking at….

A

men

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24
Q

Feminism helped place gender as topic in…

A

Sociology

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25
Q

What is the central question of feminists?

A

What causes gender inequality?

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26
Q

What does sociologists focus?

A

What is gender and how does it work in society?

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27
Q

Feminists are concerned with….

A

the goal of reducing gender inequality

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28
Q

Sociologists are more interested in…

A

more objective goal of explaining gender and how it works

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29
Q

What is normative?

A

ideology makes suggestions not just about they things are, but about they way things should be

30
Q

Students need to use their Sociological Imagination in order to…

A

analyze and theorize gender in relation to their own lives

31
Q

Mills worried about…

A

people’s ability to fully understand the forces acting on them istorically as individuals

32
Q

What are private troubles?

A

“milieux” or the problems we face that have to do with ourselves and immediate surroundings

33
Q

What are public issues?

A

exist beyond the individual and her own milieu; located withing the larger structures of society

34
Q

What is fundamental attribution error?

A

The tendency to explain behavior by invoking personal dispositions whole ignoring the roles of social structure and context

35
Q

What is sociological imagination?

A

to investigate gender means performing the detailed archaeology of our down biography and learning to identify the larger structure forces at work in our lives surrounding issues of gender

36
Q

Where does the theory locate gender?

A

Individual
interaction between people
Instituional

37
Q

What is the individual approach to gender?

A

assumes gender works from inside out

38
Q

The idea of sex roles starts with…

A

social roles

39
Q

What is social role?

A

set of exceptions that are attached to a particular status or position in society

40
Q

What is sex role?

A

set of expectations that are attached to your particular sex category

41
Q

Sex roles theory assumes sex roles are….

A

built upon and reinforced by biological differences, though do recognize socialization

42
Q

Sex role theory was developed out of the…

A

functionalist theory

43
Q

What is instrumental?

A

goal and tasks-oriented, while women were tough to be expressive

44
Q

What is expressive?

A

oriented toward their interaction with other people

45
Q

what is master statuses?

A

cut across all other identities and situations, and they are the most important status in dictating how people respond to us

46
Q

What is status characteristic theory (aka expectation states theory)?

A

It emphasis on the way we divide the world into male/female

47
Q

What is sex categorization?

A

the way we use cues of culturally presumed appearance and behavior to represent Physical sex differences that we generally cannot see

48
Q

What is performance expectations?

A

contributions toward a goal

49
Q

what is status characteristics?

A

value given to differences

50
Q

What is gender status belief?

A

men deemed as better and more competent than women

51
Q

What is self- fulfilling prophecy?

A

begin to act as others say one would

52
Q

Doing gender is a _____ theory

A

interactionist

53
Q

Doing gender says….

A

that gender is simply a performance and we’re all constantly on stage

54
Q

What is ethnomethodology?

A

the study of folk ways

55
Q

What is breaching experiments?

A

create a purpose full disruption that requires and explanation because it doesn’t fit into our cultural knowledge

56
Q

Doing gender is a strong…

A

social constructivist theory

57
Q

What is sex assignment?

A

putting someone into one or the other sex category is seen as happening in social ways.

58
Q

What is accounts?

A

The description we engage in as social actors to explain to each other the state of affairs, or what we think is going on

59
Q

What is accountability?

A

means that we gear our actions for with attention to our specific circumstances so that others will correctly recognize our actions for what they are

60
Q

What is allocation?

A

the way decisions get made about who does what, who gets what and who does not, who gets to make plans, and who gets to give orders or take them

61
Q

What is gendered organization theory?

A

an institutional or structural approach, focuses on social aggregates- individual level variables related to gender are a product of a larger, structural process

62
Q

A gendered organization is one in which….

A

“advantage and disadvantage, exploitation and cntrol are patterned through and in terms of distinction between male and female, masculine and feminine

63
Q

what is social aggregates?

A

composed of individuals, but they become more than the sum of the individuals within them

64
Q

What is organizational logic?

A

the assumptions and practices that underline an organization

65
Q

organizations produce gender through five interrelated processes

A

Create gender lines- physical, power, behaviors
Construct symbols or images- which support the divisions
Impact individual identity
Gender both helps to create and reinforce social structures

66
Q

What is mathematical models of intersectionality?

A

Carious forms of oppression can be added together to gain a sense of what they mean

67
Q

Multiple consciousness and interlocking models of intersectionality focuses on the fact that…

A

gender, race, class and sexual orientation all need to be recognized as distinct social structures that can be experienced by individuals simultaneously

68
Q

An integrative approach should help make sense of

A

the vast array of research findings on gender

69
Q

Integrative theories works to move away from..

A

modernist warfare version of science

70
Q

a more postmodern approach to theory allows…

A

room for multiple versions of the truth about gender

71
Q

What are the two common elements to integrative theories?

A

see gender as working at different levels

generally intersectional

72
Q

Radical Feminism says fundamental changes to the basic structure of…

A

society is necessary to bring gender equality

Society (12 decks)

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