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Health 3200 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population and the application of this study to control health problems

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2
Q

Epidemic

A

an unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event in a particular population.

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3
Q

Endemic disease

A

a disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course.

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4
Q

Epidemiologist

A

one who practices epidemiology

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5
Q

Pandemic

A

an outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area such as a continent.

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6
Q

Cases

A

people afflicted with a disease.

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7
Q

Rate

A

the number of events that occur in a given population in a given period of time

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8
Q

Natality (birth) rate

A

The number of live births divided by the total population

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9
Q

Morbidity rate

A

the number of people who are sick divided by the total population at risk.

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10
Q

Mortality (fatality) rate

A

the number of deaths in a population divided by the total population

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11
Q

Population at risk

A

Those in the population who susceptible to particular disease or condition.

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12
Q

incidence rate

A

the number of new health-related events or cases of a disease divided by the total number in the population at risk

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13
Q

Acute disease

A

a disease that lasts three months or less.

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14
Q

Attack rate

A

an incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak and expressed as a percentage.

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15
Q

Prevalence rate

A

the number of new and old cases of a disease in a population in a given period of time, divide by the total number in that population

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16
Q

Chronic disease

A

a disease or health condition that lasts longer than 3 months.

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17
Q

Crude rate

A

a rate in which the denominator includes the total population.

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18
Q

crude birth rate

A

the number of live births per 1,000 in a population in a given period of time.

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19
Q

Crude death rate (CDR)

A

The number of deaths (from all causes) per 1,000 in a population in a given period of time.

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20
Q

Age-adjusted rate

A

a rate used to make comparisons across groups and over time when groups differ in age structure.

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21
Q

Specific rate

A

a rate that measures morbidity or mortality for particular populations or diseases.

22
Q

Cause-specific mortality rate (CSMR)

A

the death rate due to a particular disease

23
Q

Case fatality rate (CFR)

A

the percentage of cases of a particular disease that result in death.

24
Q

Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR)

A

the percentage of overall mortality in a population that is attributable to a particular cause.

25
Q

Notifiable diseases

A

diseases for which health official request or require reporting for public health reasons.

26
Q

National Electronics Telecommunications Systems (NETS)

A

The electronic reporting system used by state health departments and the cdc

27
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time.

28
Q

Years of potential life lost (YPLL)

A

The number of years lost when death occurs before the age of 65 or 75

29
Q

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

A

a measure for the burden of disease that takes into account premature death an loss of healthy life resulting from disability

30
Q

Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

A

The number of years of healthy life expected, on average, in a given population.

31
Q

U.S. Census

A

the enumeration of the population of the United States that is conducted every ten years.

32
Q

Vital statistics

A

statistical summaries of records of major life events such as births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and infant deaths

33
Q

Descriptive study

A

an epidemiological study that describes a disease with respect to a person, place and time.

34
Q

Epidemic curve

A

a graphic display of the cases of disease according to the time or date of onset of symptoms

35
Q

common source epidemic curve

A

a graphic display of a disease where each case can be traced to a single source of exposure

36
Q

incubation period

A

the period between exposure to a disease and the onset of symptoms

37
Q

Point source epidemic

A

a type of epidemic where all cases were exposed at the same point in time

38
Q

Continuous source epidemic

A

a type of epidemic where cases are exposed to a common source over time

39
Q

Propagated epidemic curve

A

an epidemic curve depicting a distribution of cases traceable to multiple sources of exposure

40
Q

Analytic study

A

an epidemiological study aimed at testing hypotheses

41
Q

Risk factors

A

factors that increase the probability of disease, injury, or death

42
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

an observational study where information about exposure and disease are collected at the same time

43
Q

Observational study

A

an analytic, epidemiological study in which the investigator observes the natural course of events, noting exposed and unexposed subjects and disease development.

44
Q

Case/control study

A

a study that seeks to compare those diagnosed with a disease with those who do not have the disease for prior exposure to specific risk factors

45
Q

Cohort study

A

an epidemiological study in which a cohort is classified by exposure to one or more specific risk factors and observed to determine the rates at which disease develops in each class

46
Q

Cohort

A

a group of people who share some important demographic characteristic (year of birth, for example)

47
Q

Odds ratio

A

a probability statement about the association between a particular disease and specific risk factor, resulting from a case/control study

48
Q

relative risk

A

a statement of the relationship between the risk of acquiring a disease when a specific risk factor is present and the risk of acquiring that same disease when the risk factor is absent

49
Q

experimental (interventional) studies

A

analytic studies in which the investigator allocates exposure or intervention and follows development of disease

50
Q

placebo

A

a blank treatment

Health 3200 (2 decks)

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