Chapter 3 Flashcards
Meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater
CNS support and protection
Skull
Meninges
Subarachnoid space
Two _____ and two _____ supply blood to the brain.
carotid arteries
vertebral arteries
The carotid and vertebral arteries connect at the base of the brain and branch off into the _____, _____ and _____ cerebral arteries.
anterior
middle
posterior
The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the _____ and _____ lobes.
frontal
parietal
The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to the _____ lobe.
temporal
The posterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the _____ lobe.
occipital
Sensory neurons include _____ and _____ neurons.
bipolar
somatosensory
Types of neurons (3):
Sensory neurons
Interneuron
Motor neuron
Interneurons associate _____ and _____ activity in the CNS.
sensory
motor
Interneurons include _____, _____ and _____.
Stellate cell (thalamus) Pyramidal cell (cortex) Purkinje cell (cerebellum)
Types of glial cells (5):
Ependymal Astrocyte Microglial Oligodendroglial Schwann
Reticular matter is composed of _____.
Gray and White matter
A ventricle is a _____.
hollow pocket within the brain filled with CSF.
There are _____ ventricles.
4
There are two _____ ventricles.
lateral
The third and fourth ventricles extend into the _____ and _____.
brainstem
spinal cord
Regions of the brainstem (3):
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Diencephalon
The hindbrain inclues the _____, _____, _____, and _____.
pons
reticular formation
medulla
cerebellum
The midbrain includes the _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____.
tectum tegmentum red nucleus substania nigra periacqueductal gray matter
The diencephalon includes the _____, _____ and _____.
hypothalamus
epithalamus
thalamus
The tectum gathers sensory input from the _____ and _____.
eyes
ears
The superior colliculi receives input from the _____.
eyes
The inferior colliculi receives input from the _____.
ears
Colliculi mediate orientation of _____ to _____.
movement
sensory input
The three main structures of the forebrain are the _____, _____ and _____.
basal ganglia
limbic system
cerebral cortex
The basal ganglia is comprised of the _____, _____ and _____.
putamen
caudate
globus pallidus
Diseases of the basal ganglia include _____, _____ and _____.
Huntington’s Chorea
Parkinson’s Disease
Tourette’s Syndrome
Huntington’s Chorea is a _____ that results in cell death in the _____ and _____.
genetic disorder
basal ganglia
involuntary movements
Parkinson’s Disease is the result of the death of the _____, leading to _____ and _____.
projection from the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia
tremors
rigid movement
Basal ganglia diseases are disorders of _____, not _____.
controlling movement
producing movement
The limbic system is comprised of the _____, _____, _____ and _____.
amygdala
hippocampus
septum
cingulate cortex
The cerebral cortex has _____ layers.
6
The cerebral cortex comprises _____% of the human brain.
80
Techniques of cortical organization:
Projection maps
Cytoarchitectonic maps
Frontal lobe function
motor
parietal lobe function
body senses
temporal lobe function
auditory
occipital lobe function
visual
Secondary areas are _____ and _____ primary areas.
adjacent to
receive input from
Secondary areas are engaged in _____ or _____.
interpreting sensory input
organizing movement
Tertiary areas are located _____.
between secondary areas.
Tertiary areas mediate _____.
complex activities.
The spinal cord receives fibers from _____.
afferent sensory receptors
The spinal cord sends _____ to control muscles.
efferent fibers
There are 30 spinal cord segments divided into __ regions called _____.
5
dermatomes
Stimulation of pain receptors causes the spinal cord to perform _____.
flexion
Fibers entering the dorsal root bring _____.
sensory information from sensory receptors
Fibers leaving the ventral root carry _____.
motor information to the muscles.
Collateral branches of sensory neurons in the spinal cord may cross to the other side and _____.
influence motor neurons there
Cranial nerves can have both _____ or _____ functions.
afferent
efferent
Olfactory cranial nerve function
smell (s)
Optic cranial nerve function
vision (s)
Oculomotor cranial nerve function
lateral eye movement
eyelid movement
reaction to light (m)
Trochlear cranial nerve function
eye movement (up/down) (m)
Trigeminal cranial nerve function
masticatory movements
s,m
Abducens cranial nerve function
lateral eye movement
m
Auditory vestibular cranial nerve function
hearing (s)
Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve function
tongue and pharynx
s,m
Vagus cranial nerve function
heart, bloodvessels, ciscera, movement of larynx and pharynx (s,m)
Spinal accessory cranial nerve
neck muscles and viscera
m
Hypoglossal cranial nerve function
tongue muscles (m)
facial cranial nerve function
facial movement (s,m)
Stimulation of fine touch results in _____.
extension
There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves.
12
Bell-Magendie law
The dorsal part of the spinal cord is sensory and the ventral part is motor.
The somatic nervous system is comprised of _____ and _____ nerves.
cranial
spinal
The autonomic nervous system is comprised of a _____ and _____ division.
sympathetic
parasympathetic
