Chapter 3 (2) Flashcards
it involves the transportation, storage, and wholesale marketing of crude oil, natural gas, and refined products.
midstream segment
It serves as the crucial link between the upstream and downstream segments.
midstream segment
it ensure the efficient movement of hydrocarbons from production sites to refineries and distribution networks.
Midstream activities
Key functions of midstream segment
pipeline transportation,
terminal storage, and
the processing of natural gas to remove impurities and separate valuable components.
its role is essential in maintaining the flow of energy resources, stabilizing supply, and supporting market dynamics.
midstream segment’s role
__________ involves moving crude oil from production sites to refineries and distributing refined products to customers.
Oil logistics
____________ are mainly used for domestic transport, moving large amounts of oil over long distances.
pipelines
_____________ are the primary method, with larger tankers usually carrying crude oil and smaller ones transporting refined products.
oil tankers
_____________ especially the larger ones, tend to be more fuel-efficient, producing less CO2 per kilometer.
Diesel-powered tankers
_______________________ are used for shorter distances or areas without pipelines. In pipeline transport, crude oil is sent to refineries, and refined products are delivered to major clients and distributors.
Trucks and railcars
The energy needed for pipeline transport depends on factors like ….
oil volume,
pipe diameter,
and oil quality.
_____ is also stored in land-based tanks and on tankers for both economic and energy security reasons.
oil
There are four main ways to transport oil by ….
pipeline,
railway,
highway,
and sea.
________ are integral components of the oil and gas industry, designed for the large-scale transportation of hydrocarbons.
pipelines
These pipelines are __________________ to avoid environmental and safety hazards.
typically buried underground
In _________, the network spans approximately 825,000 kilometers and handles various products, including natural gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG), crude oil, and refined petroleum products.
Canada
_______________ are situated on land and constructed from steel or plastic materials.
Onshore Pipelines
Their diameters vary significantly, ranging from _________________________ depending on the pipeline’s intended capacity and purpose.
508 millimeters to 1,420 millimeters,
The wall thickness of these pipelines can range from _______________________ to withstand internal pressures and external forces.
7 millimeters to 32 millimeters
several layers of protective coatings includes ________, which provides physical protection, ________to prevent abrasion, and ___________ to resist corrosion.
concrete coating,
rockshield,
high-density polyethylene
To protect against environmental and mechanical damage, onshore pipelines are typically covered with several _______________
layers of protective coatings.
Offshore Pipelines, also known as ___________ are installed on the seabed to transport hydrocarbons from underwater production facilities to onshore processing plants.
subsea pipelines,
pipelines are laid using specialized _______ that deploy the pipeline onto the sea floor.
pipe-laying vessels
_______________________ are designed for transporting hydrocarbons over long distances, typically spanning across countries or within large regions
Trunk Line Systems
These systems are crucial for moving large volumes of crude oil, petroleum products, and LNG from production areas to refineries or distribution hubs.
Trunk Line Systems
trunk line system comprises several key components, what are those?
Feed Lines,
Oil Pumping Stations,
Terminal Point.
The operational pressure of trunk lines generally ranges from __________, depending on the specific design and requirements of the pipeline.
1.2 to 10 MPa
These pipelines connect the distributors or production sites to the main trunk line.
Feed Lines.
They serve as the entry points for hydrocarbons into the trunk line system.
Feed Lines.
These facilities are critical for maintaining the flow of hydrocarbons through the trunk line.
Oil Pumping Stations
________________ also handle the loading and unloading of cargo from storage tanks if a tank farm is nearby.
Oil Pumping Stations
They are equipped to pump crude oil and its derivatives into the trunk line, measure the volume and quality of the transported product, and manage the pipeline’s operation.
Oil Pumping Stations
the primary pumping station performs initial _______________________.
separation of crude oil from impurities and water
Intermediate pumping stations, spaced at intervals of 50 to 200 kilometers, provide additional pressure to ensure efficient transportation over long distances.
50 to 200 kilometers
This is the endpoint of the trunk line where the transported hydrocarbons arrive.
Terminal Point
At the __________________, the crude oil or other products are processed further, refined, or transferred to other distribution systems.
Terminal Point
_____________ involves using cargo trains fitted with specialized tanker cars to move oil, particularly in regions lacking pipeline infrastructure.
Rail transport
________require multiple units to handle substantial quantities of oil.
railcars
________, equipped with large storage tanks, are used to transport oil over shorter distances.
Tanker trucks
They are similar to rail transport in that they require multiple trucks to move significant volumes of oil.
Tanker trucks
typically used for transporting smaller quantities of refined petroleum products, such as gasoline, to distribution centers like gas stations.
trucks
_____________ involves the management of natural gas transport and distribution based on its volume and distance.
Natural gas logistics
For large volumes over short to medium distances, _____________ are the optimal method due to their efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
pipelines
For transporting natural gas over long distances, ____________ is employed.
liquefied natural gas (LNG)
LNG is roughly __________ less voluminous than natural gas in its gaseous state.
600 times
LNG is natural gas that has been cooled to approximately____________, causing it to condense into a liquid form.
-162°C (-260°F)
This process transforms the gas into its liquid form, allowing for efficient storage and transport.
liquefaction
LNG supply chain includes several stages, what are those?
Liquefaction,
Transportation,
Regasification
At__________, natural gas is cooled using multi-stage refrigeration processes to achieve cryogenic temperatures.
liquefaction facilities
____________ are marine vessels specifically designed to handle LNG.
LNG carriers are marine vessels specifically designed to handle LNG.
LNG is offloaded at ___________
regasification terminals
LNG is warmed and converted back into its gaseous state using regasification equipment.
regasification
_____________is crucial for balancing supply and demand, managing inventory, and ensuring supply security.
Oil storage
__________ handles different types of crude oil and refined products, providing flexibility in production and consumption.
Storage infrastructure
Different types of oil and storage needs
Fixed-Roof Tanks,
Floating-Roof Tanks,
Horizontal Tanks,
Underground Tanks,
Bladder Tanks
________________feature a permanent, rigid roof structure that provides protection against environmental factors and contaminants. These tanks are primarily used for storing crude oil and refined petroleum products.
Fixed-roof tanks
__________________are constructed with a roof that floats directly on the surface of the stored liquid. This design is particularly suited for storing volatile liquids, such as gasoline and light crude oils.
Floating-roof tanks
This system also helps prevent the formation of explosive vapor mixtures, thus enhancing safety.
Floating-roof tanks
The floating roof rises and falls with the liquid level, which minimizes the headspace and reduces vapor losses.
liquid level
_________________are cylindrical vessels oriented horizontally, supported by either concrete pads or structural supports.
Horizontal tanks
These tanks are typically used for smaller storage volumes and are commonly found in industrial facilities, commercial operations, and some residential applications.
Horizontal tanks
Their horizontal orientation allows for efficient space utilization and easier installation in confined or specialized locations.
Horizontal tanks
___________ are installed below ground level to protect the stored oil from environmental conditions, such as temperature fluctuations and physical damage.
Underground tanks
This type of storage is often used for smaller volumes and in areas where above-ground storage is not feasible due to space constraints or aesthetic concerns.
Underground tanks
____________are typically made of corrosion-resistant materials and are designed to prevent leaks and contamination of surrounding soil and groundwater.
Underground tanks
_____________are flexible, collapsible containers made from materials such as synthetic rubber or reinforced fabric.
Bladder tanks
These tanks are designed for temporary or portable storage needs.
Bladder tanks
They can be deployed in locations where traditional fixed or floating-roof tanks are impractical or when rapid deployment is required.
Bladder tanks
_____________are commonly used in emergency situations, for temporary storage during construction projects, or in remote areas where other storage solutions are unavailable.
Bladder tanks
These are government-controlled reserves established to provide a buffer against supply disruptions.
Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR)
__________________ are designed to store oil reserves for emergency or strategic purposes
Strategic storage facilities
Strategic storage facilities includes….
Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR),
Tank Farms,
Oil Depots,
Underground Storage Facilities .
The reserves are often stored in underground caverns or depleted oil fields to ensure protection from natural disasters and other threats.
Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR)
These are large-scale facilities containing multiple storage tanks, typically used for bulk storage of crude oil and refined products.
Tank Farms
________________ strategically located near refineries, shipping terminals, or major distribution hubs to facilitate efficient distribution.
Tank Farms
___________________________are essential for balancing supply and demand, ensuring a consistent supply of gas throughout the year, and managing price fluctuations.
Natural gas storage systems
__________ are storage facilities that serve as distribution centers for refined products.
Oil depots
They are often equipped with loading and unloading infrastructure to facilitate the transfer of oil to and from transportation modes such as pipelines, tankers, and trucks.
oil depots
These systems store excess gas during periods of low consumption and release it during peak demand to maintain supply stability.
Natural gas storage systems
They also help manage price volatility by storing gas when prices are low and releasing it when prices are high.
Natural gas storage systems
Natural gas storage systems are categorized into three main types ….
underground storage,
above-ground storage, and strategic storage.
___________________ is utilized to store natural gas in subsurface formations.
Underground Storage
Underground Storage includes..
Depleted Oil and Gas Fields,
Aquifers,
Salt Caverns
These porous rock formations, saturated with water, serve as storage sites for natural gas. The gas occupies the pore spaces within these rocks, which are sealed by impermeable layers to prevent leakage.
aquifers
These are former production sites repurposed for gas storage. They leverage existing infrastructure and geological formations that are well-suited for gas containment, making them a practical choice.
Depleted Oil and Gas Fields.
Created by dissolving salt deposits, these caverns are used due to their structural integrity and ability to accommodate large volumes of gas.
Salt Caverns
Above-Ground Storage involves facilities designed for more immediate and flexible storage. It includes
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Tanks.
Cryogenic Tanks.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Storage.
Strategic Storage.
These insulated tanks store natural gas in its liquid form at cryogenic temperatures (approximately -162°C or -260°F).
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Tanks.
LNG tanks can be horizontal or vertical and are used to manage supply and demand fluctuations.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Tanks.
_______________are formed by injecting water into salt deposits to dissolve the salt, creating a cavern that can be used for gas storage.
Salt Caverns
This method compresses natural gas to high pressures (typically 200-250 bar or 2,900-3,600 psi) and stores it in high-pressure cylinders.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Storage.
Similar to LNG tanks, these are designed to store natural gas at very low temperatures to facilitate efficient storage and transport.
Cryogenic Tanks
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Tanks. These insulated tanks store natural gas in its liquid form at cryogenic temperatures (approximately -
-162°C or -260°F
They are used in various applications where temperature-controlled storage is required.
Cryogenic Tanks
typically used for smaller-scale applications, such as fueling stations and local distribution networks.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Storage.
__________________ dedicated to maintaining reserves for energy security and emergency situations.
Strategic Storage
These facilities ensure a reliable supply during disruptions or peak demand periods.
Strategic Storage
Managed by governments or large energy firms, strategic storage includes both underground and above-ground options to provide flexibility and reliability in maintaining the supply of natural gas.
Strategic Storage
_____________________are fees charged for using transportation infrastructure such as pipelines, terminals, and other midstream facilities.
Tariffs in oil and gas transport
These fees cover the costs of transporting oil and gas products, including infrastructure maintenance and service provision.
Oil and Gas Tariffs
Agreements between ___________________ and _______________establish these tariffs.
infrastructure operators and transport companies
________lead to higher costs for oil and gas products, affecting pricing at each stage of the supply chain.
high tariffs
__________ also influence investment decisions; companies may choose routes with lower tariffs to reduce expenses, impacting the distribution and availability of oil and gas in different regions.
tariffs
play a crucial role in shaping transportation costs, market dynamics, and pricing.
oil and gas tariffs
They impact the cost structure of the industry by influencing transportation costs, which can be passed along the supply chain from transport companies to refineries and consumers.
oil and gas tariffs
