Chapter 1 Flashcards
“The ability to do work”
energy
is the power that drives everything around us. It’s what makes it possible for us to move, grow, and stay warm, and it powers all the devices and machines we use every day.
energy
T OR F
Energy comes from many different sources, such as the sun, which provides sunlight and warmth, the food we eat, which gives our bodies the fuel to function, and fuels like gasoline, which powers cars and other machines.
T
T OR F
Energy isn’t just one thing—it can take many forms
T
T OR F
Energy can take only one form
F
Even when energy changes from one form to another, the _____________ stays the same; it just gets used in different ways.
total amount of energy
is stored energy and the energy of position
potential energy
is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. It is the energy that holds these particles together.
chemical energy
is energy stored in objects by the application of a force. Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of elastic energy.
elastic energy
is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom-the energy that binds the nucleus together. The energy can be released when the nuclei are combined or split apart.
nuclear energy
Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms in a process called ____________.
fission
The sun combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms into helium atoms in a process called ___________.
fusion
In both fission and fusion, mass is converted into energy, according to __________________
Einstein’s Theory, E = mc2.
is the energy of position or place.
gravitational potential energy
Hydropower, such as water in a reservoir behind a dam, is an example of _________________________
gravitational potential energy.
is motion-the motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects.
Kinetic energy
Electrical energy is the movement of electrons.
Electrical energy
Everything is made of tiny particles called ______.
atoms
. Atoms are made of even smaller particles called _, __, and ____
electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Electrons moving through a wire are called ___.
electricity
is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves.
radiant energy
is the internal energy in substances— the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules within substances.
thermal energy (heat)
is the movement of objects and substances from one place to another.
Motion energy or mechanical energy
y is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves.
Sound energy
is produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate.
sound
some of the energy sources can be replenished in a short period of time. Such energy sources are referred to as ____________
renewable energy sources
the energy sources that we are using up and cannot be generated in a short period of time are called
non-renewable energy sources
these sources include include coal, petroleum, natural gas, propane, and uranium.
Nonrenewable energy sources
They are used to generate electricity, to heat our homes, to move our cars, and to manufacture products from candy bars to cell phones.
Nonrenewable energy sources
Since the beginning of mankind, we have been using _____________ to generate heat, light and electricity for various purposes.
fossil fuels
These are the primary sources for generating electrical energy in the world today.
fossil fuels
______________, such as coal, oil and natural gas, are important non-renewable sources of energy.
fossil fuels
Over __% of our energy demands are met by the combustion of fossil fuels.
85
is the main constituent of these fossil fuels
carbon
Coal is formed in a way similar to the other fossil fuels, though it goes through a different process called “____________”
coalification
is made of decomposed plant matter in conditions of high temperature and pressure, though it takes a relatively shorter amount of time to form.
coal
These power plants first burn the coal in large furnaces creating tremendous amounts of heat
coal power plant
Generation of Electrical Energy from Coal
Burning Coal: Coal is burned in a big furnace to produce a lot of heat.
Boiling Water: The heat is used to boil water, turning it into steam.
Creating Pressure: As the water turns to steam, it builds up pressure in the boiler.
Spinning the Turbine: The high-pressure steam is directed onto a steam turbine, which spins because of the steam’s force.
Generating Electricity: The spinning turbine is connected to a generator. Inside the generator, a magnet spins, creating electricity.
Sending Electricity: The electricity produced is sent to the power grid, which delivers it to homes and businesses.
is the largest and most cost-effective coal-fired power station in the country with a generating capacity of 1,200 MW.
Sual Power Station
is a 735-MW coal-fired thermal power plant at Isla Grande in Pagbilao, Quezon Province. Consisting of two generating units (Pagbilao 1 and 2), the power plant is capable of producing a maximum of 16,800 MWh of electricity daily or over six (6) million MWh annually. Located within PPS grounds is a 420 MW facility (Pagbilao Unit 3 Power Project) that is the result of a joint venture partnership between TeaM Energy and AboitizPower that led to the formation of Pagbilao Energy Corporation (PEC). Pagbilao 3 is a merchant plant that began operating in May 2018.
The Pagbilao Power Station (PPS)
is a coal-fired thermal power plant located in Zambales.
The Masinloc Power Plant
is an operating power station of at least 900-megawatts (MW) in San Rafael, Calaca, Batangas.
Calaca power station
is a 4x150 MW coal-fired thermal power plant that uses Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) technology.
The Limay Power Plant
is formed through a process known as thermogenic or organic thermal maturation
natural gas
thermogenic or organic thermal maturation. It begins with the accumulation of organic material, such as dead plants and microorganisms, in oxygen-depleted environments like swamps and seabeds.
thermogenic or organic thermal maturation
Over time, sediment accumulates over these organic deposits, creating pressure and heat due to the weight of the overlying layers. As temperatures and pressures rise, the organic material undergoes a series of chemical reactions known as _________________
thermal maturation.
During this process, complex organic molecules break down, forming simpler hydrocarbons like methane (CH4). These hydrocarbons migrate upwards through porous rocks until they are trapped by impermeable layers, forming reservoirs of natural gas beneath the Earth’s surface. The extracted gas is a valuable energy source used for heating, electricity generation, and various industrial processes.
thermal maturation
is mainly composed of methane and is the smallest hydrocarbon, consisting only of only one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
natural gas
is both colorless and odorless in its pure form.
methane
It is highly flammable and burns easily in the presence of oxygen and is commonly used in electricity generation.
methane
is a cleaner-burning fuel compared to coal and oil, but also has a finite source.
Natural gas
Generation of Electrical Energy from
Natural Gas
- Burning Gas: Natural gas is burned in a machine called a gas turbine.
- Spinning the Turbine: The hot gases produced from burning the gas make a turbine spin.
- Generating Electricity: The spinning turbine powers a generator, which turns the motion into electricity.
- Distributing Power: The electricity is then sent through power lines to homes and businesses.
Natural gas power plants are efficient and produce less pollution compared to coal or oil plants.
Natural gas power plants in the Philippines are an important part of the country’s energy mix, providing a reliable and cleaner alternative to coal-fired power.______________
Natural gas power plants
this power plant in Batangas is a combined cycle power plant in Batangas City.
The 2x600 MW Ilijan Power Plany
It is a 1,000-MW combined-cycle natural gas-fired power plant. Located in the First Gen Clean Energy Complex in Batangas City, its operations commenced in August 2000. It uses natural gas from the Malampaya gas field in offshore Northwest Palawan, and can also utilize condensate, distillate, and naphtha as back-up fuel.
Santa Rita Combined-Cycle Natural Gas-Fired Power Plant
It is a 500-MW combined-cycle natural gas-fired power plant that is located west of, and adjacent to, the Santa Rita plant.
San Lorenzo Combined-Cycle Natural Gas-Fired Power Plant
which started commercial operations on September 26, 2016, was developed by First Gen’s wholly-owned Prime Meridian Powergen Corporation (PMPC). The plant is located in the First Gen Clean Energy Complex in Batangas City.
Avion Open-Cycle Natural Gas-Fired Power Plant.
First Gen’s wholly-owned First NatGas Power Corp. (FNPC) owns and operates the 420-MW San Gabriel Power Plant, which is the most efficient natural gas-fired plant in the Philippines.
San Gabriel Combined-Cycle Natural Gas-Fired Power Plant,
is the energy that is released during nuclear reactions, either through nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.
Nuclear energy
the nucleus of a heavy atom, typically uranium-235 or plutonium-239, is split into two smaller nuclei along with a few neutrons.
nuclear fission
This process releases a significant amount of energy in the form of heat, light, and gamma radiation. The heat generated is used to produce steam, which drives turbines connected to generators, ultimately producing electricity.
nuclear fission
heavy atom in nuclear fission
uranium-235 or plutonium-239
involves combining the nuclei of light atoms, such as hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium), to form a heavier nucleus
nuclear fusion
is the process that powers the sun and other stars, and it has the potential to provide a nearly limitless and clean source of energy on Earth.
fusion
comes from natural sources that constantly renew themselves, such as sunlight (solar energy), wind, flowing water (hydropower), and Earth’s internal heat (geothermal energy).
renewable energy
is captured directly from sunlight and converted into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells.
solar energy
is captured directly from sunlight and converted into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells.
Solar energy
is produced from organic matter, such as plant materials, animal waste, and other biological materials.
Biomass energy
uses the energy of flowing water to produce electricity.
Hydropower
harnesses the kinetic energy of wind to generate electricity using wind turbines.
Wind energy
captures the movement of ocean waves to produce electricity.
wind energy
taps into heat from beneath the Earth’s surface to generate electricity.
geothermal energy
refers to the network that includes energy production, transmission, distribution, and consumption. It encompasses all processes needed to generate energy and deliver it to end users like homes, industries, and commercial spaces.
energy system
are the raw materials from which energy is generated.
energy sources
is the process of converting these energy sources into usable forms, such as electricity.
energy generation
involves the transportation of electricity over long distances.
energy transmission
follows transmission and involves delivering electricity to end-users. such as homes, businesses, and industries.
Energy distribution
is an important component of the energy system, allowing for the management of supply and demand
Energy storage
is the final stage in the energy system, where energy is used by consumers for a variety of purposes.
Energy consumption
involves the ongoing monitoring and optimization of energy use to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
Energy management
Refers to the availability of energy resources (fossil fuels, renewables, nuclear).
Energy Supply:
Refers to the required energy to meet the needs of various sectors (residential, industrial, commercial).
energy demand
can lead to issues such as power outages, price increases, and strain on infrastructure.
unbalanced supply and demand
monitors and balances real-time supply and demand, ensuring stable electricity flow.
National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP)
supports energy efficiency through labeling programs and public awareness campaigns
The Department of Energy (DOE)
