Chapter 3

Question 1

What is underweight correlated with?

Answer 1

menstrual disorders, respiratory infections (weakened immune system), osteopenia, and osteoporosis

Question 2

What is overweight correlated with?

Answer 2

insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, cancer

Question 3

What is anthropometry?

Answer 3

human measurement

Question 4

What is body mass?

Answer 4

the sum of all tissue types

Question 5

What is fat-free mass?

Answer 5

skin, muscle, bone, connective tissue, body water, internal organs

Question 6

What is body composition?

Answer 6

What percentage of body mass makes up each component

Question 7

What is essential fat?

Answer 7

it contributes to normal biological function, men 3% and women 12%

Question 8

What are the average US body fat percentages?

Answer 8

men: 28% and women: 40%

Question 9

What are ideal body fat percentages?

Answer 9

males: 12-15%
Females: 20-25%

Question 10

What are obesity body fat percentages?

Answer 10

Males greater than 20%
Females greater than 30%

Question 11

Height and weight tables…

Answer 11

pretty much useless, especially in athletic populations
unvalidated estimates of body frame size, no assessment of body composition

Question 12

What is BMI?

Answer 12

it takes mass and height into consideration, but fails to take body composition and fat distribution into account

Question 13

What is the BMI equation?

Answer 13

weight (kg) / height squared (meters)

Question 14

What are the normative BMI numbers?

Answer 14

underweight: less than 18.5
overweight: 25
obese: over 30

Question 15

What is hydrostatic weighing?

Answer 15

underwater weighing that was previously the gold standard

Question 16

What is specific gravity?

Answer 16

weight in air/loss of weight in water

Question 17

What is the density of pure fat?

Answer 17

.9

Question 18

What is the density of fat-free tissue?

Answer 18

1.1

Question 19

Human density varies from what?

Answer 19

.93-1.10

Question 20

What is the Siri formula?

Answer 20

4.95/body density -4.5

Question 21

Variations in hydrostatic weighing amongst groups?

Answer 21

higher in black and hispanic populations, lower density of bones in children and elderly

Question 22

What are skin fold measurements?

Answer 22

measures subcutaneous (storage) fat utilizing skin fold calipers and equations to calculate body density

Question 23

what are common sources of error in skin fold measurements?

Answer 23

training of person taking measurements, incorrect sit selection, obesity of the subject, and type of calipers used

Question 24

What is bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)?

Answer 24

measures the conduction of electricity, muscle conducts electricity, fat acts as an insulator and resists conduction

Question 25

What do you have to consider during bioelectrical impedance analysis?

Answer 25

function of water and electrolyte content and hydration level, and ambient temperature

Question 26

What are some other techniques for body composition?

Answer 26

arm x-ray assessment of fat, CT, MRI, DXA, bod pod

Question 27

What is the equation for determining goal body weight?

Answer 27

goal body weigh = fat free mass / (1.00-desired % body fat)