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Zoology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of how biological information is transmitted between generations

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Genetic and evolutionary themes are _______________

A

interdependent

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3
Q

units of inheritance

A

Genes

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4
Q

D N A and histone proteins. Highly dispersed chromosome state where genes can participate in the production of a protein.

A

Chromatin

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5
Q

DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

A

Nucleosome

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6
Q

inactive portions of chromosomes, dark banding.

A

Heterochromatic regions

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7
Q

active portions of chromosomes.

A

Euchromatic regions

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8
Q

Chromosomes represented differently in males and females. Function in sex determination.

A

Sex chromosomes

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9
Q

chromosomes that are alike in both sexes.
Not involved in sex determination.

A

Autosomes

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10
Q

Sex determination systems are:

A

X-O system (Protenor).
X-Y system (humans and fruit flies).
Z-W system (birds).

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11
Q

Help determine many non-sex-related traits.
Explain the approximately equal sex ratios in most animals.

A

Sex chromosome

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12
Q

Influence both sex-related and non-sex-related traits.

A

Autosomes

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13
Q

having two sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid (2N)

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14
Q

having one set of chromosomes

A

Haploid (1N)

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15
Q

having more than the diploid number

A

Polyploid

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16
Q

is the distribution of chromosomes between two daughter cells.
division of the nucleus.

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

is the partitioning of the cytoplasm between two daughter cells.
division of the cytoplasm.

A

Cytokinesis

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18
Q

growth early in the life of the cell.
Metabolic activities characteristic of particular cells.

A

G1 phase

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19
Q

DNA synthesis phase. DNA replication ensures each chromosome is represented by identical sister chromatids.
Results in sister chromatids; chromatid is a copy of a chromosome.

A

S phase

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20
Q

sequence of about 220 nucleotides represented in a specific location on a given chromosome

A

Centromere

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21
Q

disk of protein that serves as an attachment point for microtubules of the mitotic spindle

A

Kinetochore

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22
Q

growth phase preparing the cell for division.
Replication of mitochondria, other organelles, microtubules and other proteins for production of the mitotic spindle.
Chromosome condensation.

A

G2 phase

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23
Q

Chromatin condenses to become a chromosome.
Centrioles migrate to poles of cell.
Centrioles radiate microtubules.

A

Prophase

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24
Q

Centriole plus radiating microtubules that anchor centriole to plasma membrane.

A

Aster

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25
asters, spindle, centrioles, and microtubules
Mitotic spindle
26
Microtubules attach to kinetochores of each chromatid. Essential for eventual movement of DNA to opposite poles of the cell.
Prometaphase
27
Chromosomes align along spindle equator. Centromeres divide and detach the two sister chromatids from each other; daughter chromosomes form.
Metaphase
28
Motor proteins of kinetochore and shortening microtubules pull daughter chromosomes toward their respective pole.
Anaphase
29
Mitotic spindle disassembles. Nuclear envelope re-forms. Nucleolus resynthesized.
Telophase
30
Cytoplasm divides. Formation of two genetically identical daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
31
Contracting microfilaments pinch plasma membrane to form cleavage furrow.
Late Anaphase
32
specialized sex cells (egg and sperm).
Gametes
33
the product of fertilization of an egg by sperm
Zygote
34
body cell
Somatic cell
35
Cell division that occurs in ovaries and testes that reduces the chromosome number of eggs and sperm to the haploid (1N) number
Meiosis
36
Carry genes for same traits. Same length. Similar staining patterns.
Chromosome pairs
37
All four products mature into sperm cells.
Spermatogenesis
38
One of four products develops into a functional gamete. The nonfunctional products (polar bodies) disintegrate
Oogenesis
39
Genetic material must:
Be able to code for proteins. Be able to replicate itself prior to cell division. Be in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Be able to change over time to account for evolutionary change.
40
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
41
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
42
double ring of carbon and nitrogen
Purine
43
single ring of carbon and nitrogen
Pyrimidine
44
three dimensional ladder structure.
The double helix
45
Alternating sugar-phosphate groups. Phosphate of one nucleotide bonds to 3’ C of deoxyribose of an adjacent nucleotide.
Rails of ladder
46
Pairing of nitrogenous bases across the molecule. A hydrogen bonded to T. C hydrogen bonded to G.
Rungs of ladder
47
3’ C of deoxyribose oriented in opposite directions in two strands.
Antiparallel
48
1 complete spiral/10 bases.
Right-handed double helix
49
Synthesis of R N A from D N A. Occurs in the nucleus.
Transcription
50
Formation of protein from R N A. Occurs at ribosomes.
Translation
51
Linear strand. Carries genetic instructions to cytoplasm from nucleus.
Messenger R N A (mRNA).
52
Transports and helps position amino acids at ribosome.
Transfer RNA (tR N A).
53
Component of ribosomes (along with proteins).
Ribosomal RNA (rR N A).
54
Three base combination that specifies an amino acid. Represented based on the mRNA produced by transcribing a D N A segment (gene). The code is degenerate meaning there are multiple codons for most amino acids. 64 possible codons, only 20 amino acids.
Codon
55
Battery of enzymes involved. One or a few genes exposed by unwinding a region of D N A. RNA polymerase recognizes sequence of D N A nucleotides and joins ribose nucleotides into a complementary strand of mRNA (primary transcript). Splicing primary transcript removes noncoding regions of mRNA.
Transcription
56
tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome. Amino acids are positioned by pairing tRNA anticodon bases and the mRNA codon bases.
Translation
57
Small subunit of ribosome binds methionine carrying tRNA to AUG mRNA codon at ribosome’s P site. Large subunit joins. Second tRNA with anticodon complementary to next codon binds at ribosome’s A site. Peptide bond forms between amino acids (peptidyl transferase and GTP).
Initiation
58
mRNA moves relative to ribosome. tRNA formerly in A site, now in P site. New tRNA binds in newly exposed A site. Continues until entire mRNA has been translated. UAA on mRNA serves as termination codon.
Polypeptide formation.
59
Involves entire sets of chromosomes.
Polyploidy
60
Addition or deletion of one or more chromosomes, not entire sets. 2N + 1 or 2N − 1, for example. Arise by nondisjunction.
Aneuploidy
61
Gregor Mendel. Basis for understanding gene transfer between generations of animals.
Classical Genetics.
62
Pairs of genes are distributed between gametes during gamete formation.
Principle of segregation.
63
Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell based on random alignment during metaphase I. Cells receive one member of each homologous pair following anaphase I.
Anaphase I of meiosis.
64
Random combination of gametes (formed following meiosis II) from two individuals.
Fertilization
65
alternative forms of genes that determine expression of a particular trait.
Alleles
66
hides the expression of another allele
Dominant allele
67
an allele whose expression can be masked
Recessive allele
68
the visual expression of genes in an organism
Phenotype
69
the genetic makeup of an organism
Genotype
70
carrying two identical genes for a trait
Homozygous
71
carrying two different forms of the same gene (the forms are alleles of one gene)
Heterozygous
72
Pairs of genes (on different homologous chromosomes) move independently to different gametes. Independent assortment.
Anaphase I of meiosis.
73
Homozygous for wing shape and eye color.
P generation.
74
Heterozygous for both traits (dihybrids). Phenotypically wildtype for both traits.
F1 generation.
75
F2 generation. 9 : 3 : 3: 1 phenotypic ratio.
Dihybrid cross.
76
Many different alleles for a trait may be present in a population. Interaction of any two alleles produce a variety of phenotypes.
Multiple alleles.
77
Interaction between alleles that are expressed equally. Heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.
Incomplete dominance.
78
Heterozygote expresses the phenotypes of both homozygotes. IAIB blood type.
Codominance.
79
Produced by the presence or absence of specific genes converting substrates to products.
Dominance

Zoology (6 decks)

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