Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is the role of the respiratory system in speech production?
Provides airflow necessary for phonation and articulation
The respiratory system is crucial for generating the airstream that powers speech.
What are the components of the respiratory system?
- Lungs
- Trachea
- Rib cage
- Thorax
- Abdomen
- Diaphragm
- Internal and external intercostal muscles
These components work together to facilitate breathing and speech.
How do the left and right lungs differ?
- Left lung: two lobes, smaller
- Right lung: three lobes
The left lung is smaller to accommodate the heart.
What is the inhalation vs. exhalation breathing ratio for speaking?
10%-90% relationship for speaking
This indicates a greater emphasis on exhalation during speech.
What occurs during inhalation?
- Diaphragm contracts and lowers
- Rib cage expands
- Negative air pressure allows air to rush into the lungs
This process is essential for filling the lungs with air to prepare for speech.
What happens during exhalation?
- Lungs deflate
- Diaphragm relaxes and rises
- Rib cage becomes smaller
- Air is expelled through the trachea
Exhalation is crucial for producing sound as air passes through the vocal folds.
What is the larynx composed of?
- Muscle
- Cartilages
The larynx plays a key role in phonation and protects the airway.
Where does the larynx attach?
- Inferiorly to the trachea
- Superiorly to the hyoid bone
The hyoid bone is unique as it is not directly attached to other bones.
What are vocal folds made of?
Elastic folds of tissue, primarily muscle
The vocal folds are essential for sound production through vibration.
What is the Bernoulli effect in relation to phonation?
Rapid flow of air through the glottis causes a drop in air pressure, sucking the vocal folds together
This effect is critical for the cyclical vibration of the vocal folds.
Define voiced sounds.
Sounds produced with vibration of the vocal folds, e.g., /b/, /v/, /g/, /m/
Voiced sounds are integral to speech and communication.
Define unvoiced sounds.
Sounds produced without vibration of the vocal folds, e.g., /p/, /f/, /s/, /t/
Understanding voiced vs. unvoiced sounds is important in phonetics.
What is the fundamental frequency for male and female voices?
- Male: 125 times per second
- Female: 215 times per second
Fundamental frequency is a key factor in determining pitch.
What are the main articulators involved in speech production?
- Lips
- Teeth
- Alveolar Ridge
- Palate
- Velum
- Glottis
- Tongue
These structures modify the airstream to produce different phonemes.
What is the role of the pharynx in speech?
Directs airflow from the larynx to the oral and nasal cavities
The pharynx is a key component of the vocal tract.
What is the source-filter theory of speech production?
Every phoneme has a unique vocal tract shape and vibratory pattern
This theory explains how different sounds are produced using the same airstream.
What are the parts of the pharynx?
- Laryngopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Nasopharynx
Each part serves a distinct role in directing airflow.
What is the primary articulator for English vowels?
The tongue
The tongue’s position and movement are crucial for producing vowel sounds.
What are the geographical landmarks of the tongue?
- Apex (tip)
- Blade
- Body (front and back)
- Dorsum
- Root
Understanding these landmarks aids in phonetic articulation.
Fill in the blank: The _______ connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear system.
Eustachian tubes
These tubes help equalize pressure in the ear.
Primary Articulator?
Tongue
The study of phonetics make it possible to…
Transcribe speech sounds & speech differentiation
Coda in “drive”
“v”
allograph pair
city, chord
omelet, ostrich
gem, joke
example of digraph
PHlegm, sOOn, boTHer, SHake
How many graphemes in “rehashed”?
8 (number of letters)
Is there a BOUND morpheme in the word calendar?
No. example catS (s bound)
FREE morpheme in cats?
Cat (without the s, s is bound)
Minimal pair of “seek”
“seed”, “soak”, “peek” (one sound difference)
Variant productions of a phoneme
allophones
where are the vocal folds located?
the larynx
anterior
front
posterior
back
superior
above
inferior
below
allograph
variations in spelling (letters) of same sounds
allophones
variations in sounds (pronunciation) “LittLe”
Minimal Pair
change 1 sound in a word; same position
(bat, cat)
how many morphemes in cucumber and watermelon?
1 morpheme
how many morphemes in reading?
2; free=read bound=ing
how many morphemes in reworked?
3; re + work+ ed
digraph
2 letters that share 1 sound (sh. ph, oi, ou,)
graphemes
written letters
“b” =
grapheme
/b/ =
phoneme
Give a VOICED letter sound
ALL VOWELS /a, e, i, o, u/
Give an UNVOICED letter sound
/sh, p, f/
Where are vocal folds located?
within the larynx
How many cartilages make up the LARYNX?
6
Name the UNPAIRED cartilages in the larynx
epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid
Name the PAIRED cartilages in the larynx
arytenoids, cuneiforms, corniculate
Habitual Pitch?
pitch you normally speak at
What makes up the VOCAL TRACT?
PONA (pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, articulators)
PONA
pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, articulators
