Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is the number of letters in the Roman Alphabet?
26 letters
How many sounds does the IPA Phonetic Alphabet (English) represent?
42 sounds
What is a phonetic alphabet?
An alphabet that maintains a one-to-one relationship between a sound and a particular alphabet letter.
What is the relationship between graphemes and phonemes?
The number of graphemes may not match up with the number of phonemes.
What is an example of a silent letter?
In the word ‘gnome’, the ‘g’ is silent.
Example sentence: ‘gnome’
What is another example of a silent letter?
In the word ‘pneumonia’, the ‘p’ is silent.
Example sentence: ‘pneumonia’
What are allographs?
Allographs are different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound.
Can you give examples of allographs?
Examples of allographs include loop, through, threw, fruit, canoe.
What are digraphs?
Digraphs are two letters that share one sound.
What is a morpheme?
The smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning.
What are free morphemes?
Morphemes that can stand alone and still carry meaning.
Examples: book, walk, call.
What are bound morphemes?
Morphemes that are bound to other words and carry no meaning when they stand alone.
Examples: books, walking, called.
What are phonemes?
Individual speech sounds that are capable of differentiating morphemes and therefore distinguishing meaning.
What happens when a single phoneme changes?
It will always change the identity and meaning of the morpheme.
Example: ‘look’ becomes ‘book’.
What is a phonetic alphabet?
A phonetic alphabet is a set of symbols used to represent the sounds of speech.
What is the difference between a digraph and an allograph?
A digraph is a pair of characters used to represent a single sound, while an allograph refers to different letters or letter combinations that represent the same phoneme.
Discuss three ways in which English spelling principles deviate from the ways words are pronounced.
- Silent letters (e.g., ‘k’ in ‘knight’). 2. Irregular vowel sounds (e.g., ‘ough’ in ‘though’). 3. Different pronunciations for the same spelling (e.g., ‘lead’ as a verb vs. ‘lead’ as a noun).
Define the following terms: morpheme, phoneme, grapheme.
Morpheme: the smallest unit of meaning. Phoneme: the smallest unit of sound. Grapheme: the smallest unit of written language.
Define the following terms: onset, rhyme, coda, nucleus.
Onset: the initial consonant sound(s) of a syllable. Rhyme: the part of the syllable that includes the nucleus and coda. Coda: the final consonant sound(s) of a syllable. Nucleus: the vowel sound at the core of a syllable.
What is the difference between an open and a closed syllable?
An open syllable ends in a vowel sound, while a closed syllable ends in a consonant sound.
Why are the words ‘spread’ and ‘bread’ not minimal pairs?
They are not minimal pairs because they differ in more than one phoneme.
Onset
the consonant BEfore the vowel
Coda
the consonant AFTER (following) the vowel
Rhyme
consists of the nucleus and coda
Nucleus
usually the vowel
Word Stress
longer in duration
higher in pitch
greater in intensity
Stress: Noun
1st syllable stress (ex. ‘con tract)
Stress: Verb
2nd syllable stress (ex. con ‘tract)
How many phonemes are in “bread”?
4
How many phonemes are in “tomb”?
3
How many morphemes are in “clueless”?
2
Minimal Pair for “Sit”
Pit
Minimal Pair for “liCK”
lip
Syllabic Consonant
Includes the vowel (short syllable); consonant makes up the who syllable (ex. /m/, /n/, /l/
Phonetics
symbols
Phonology
how they (symbols) fit into the language
