chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What determines the shape, position, and movement of the internal organs?
A
Body habitus
2
Q
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
A
Diaphragm
3
Q
What structures are contained within the thoracic cavity?
A
- Lungs and heart
- Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems
- Inferior portion of the esophagus
- Thymus gland
4
Q
What separates the pleural cavities?
A
Mediastinum
5
Q
What are the main components of the respiratory system?
A
- Pharynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Two lungs
6
Q
What is the structure of the trachea?
A
Fibrous, muscular tube with 16 to 20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings
7
Q
What is the diameter and length of the trachea?
A
- Diameter = approximately ½ inch (1.3 cm)
- Length = 4½ inches (11 cm)
8
Q
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
A
At the carina
9
Q
What are the characteristics of the right primary bronchus?
A
- Shorter
- Wider
- More vertical than the left
10
Q
What are the subdivisions of the bronchial tree?
A
- Primary bronchi
- Secondary bronchi
- Tertiary bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
11
Q
What do alveolar ducts end in?
A
Alveolar sacs
12
Q
What is the function of the organs of respiration?
A
Responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
13
Q
What is the double-walled serous membrane sac that covers the lungs called?
A
Pleura
14
Q
How many lobes does the right lung have?
A
Three lobes
15
Q
How many lobes does the left lung have?
A
Two lobes
16
Q
What is the apex of the lung?
A
Superior portion that reaches above the clavicles
17
Q
What is the base of the lung?
A
Inferior portion that rests obliquely on diaphragm
18
Q
What divides each lung into lobes?
A
Deep fissures
19
Q
What is the thyroid gland connected by?
A
Narrow median portion called the isthmus
20
Q
What are the parathyroid glands?
A
Small ovoid bodies situated one above the other on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
21
Q
What are the subdivisions of the pharyngeal cavity?
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngeal pharynx
22
Q
What is the function of the larynx?
A
Organ of voice
23
Q
What structure guards the larynx superiorly and anteriorly?
A
Epiglottis
24
Q
What is the mediastinum?
A
Area of thorax bounded by sternum, spine, and lungs
25
What structures are associated with the mediastinum?
* Heart
* Great vessels
* Trachea
* Esophagus
* Thymus
* Lymphatics
* Nerves
* Fibrous tissue
* Fat
26
What is the recommended SID for chest radiography?
At least 72 inches (183 cm)
27
What should be included on each image as identification?
Right or left side markers
28
What is the patient position for a PA chest radiograph?
Upright either standing or seated chest facing IR
29
What should be the position of the central ray for a PA chest radiograph?
Perpendicular to the center of IR at level of T7
30
What structures are shown in a PA chest radiograph?
* Air-filled trachea
* Lungs
* Diaphragmatic domes
* Heart and aortic arch
31
What is the evaluation criteria for a PA chest radiograph?
* Entire lung fields from apices to costophrenic angles
* No rotation
* Sharp outlines of heart and diaphragm
32
What is the central ray position for a lateral chest radiograph?
Directed perpendicular to IR at level of T7
33
What does a left lateral chest radiograph demonstrate?
* Heart
* Aorta
* Left-sided pulmonary lesions
34
What does a right lateral chest radiograph demonstrate?
* Right sided pulmonary lesions
* Interlobular fissures
35
What is the recommended position for the hilum in a lateral chest view?
Hilum in the center
36
In a lateral chest view, what should be superimposed posterior to the vertebral column?
Superimposition of the ribs
37
What is the desired profile of the sternum in a lateral chest view?
Sternum in profile
38
Where should the trachea be positioned in a lateral chest view?
Trachea in midline
39
What is the evaluation criterion regarding the long axis of the lung fields?
Long axis of the lung fields shown in vertical position
40
What should be open in a lateral chest view according to the evaluation criteria?
Open thoracic intervertebral spaces and intervertebral foramina
41
What is an important aspect of lung field penetration in a lateral chest view?
Penetration of the lung fields and heart
42
What should be clearly outlined in a lateral chest view?
Sharp outlines of heart and diaphragm
43
What is the recommended patient position for a PA oblique chest projection?
Upright, standing or seated
44
How far above the vertebra prominens should the top of the IR be positioned?
1½ to 2 inches (3.8 to 5 cm)
45
What is the part position for a PA oblique chest projection?
45-degree left anterior oblique (LAO) or right anterior oblique (RAO)
46
In a PA oblique chest projection, where should the side of interest be positioned?
Farther from IR (elevated side)
47
What should be done with the patient's arms during a PA oblique chest projection?
Arms positioned out of radiation field
48
What is the angle of rotation for the LAO position in a PA oblique chest projection?
Rotate 45 degrees
49
What should the central ray (CR) be in relation to the IR in a PA oblique chest projection?
Perpendicular to IR
50
At what level does the central ray enter for a PA oblique chest projection?
Level of T7
51
What should be visible in the LAO position of a PA oblique chest projection?
Right lung field, anterior portion of left lung, trachea, carina, entire right bronchial tree, heart, descending aorta, arch of the aorta
52
What structures are shown in the RAO position of a PA oblique chest projection?
Left lung field, anterior portion of right lung, trachea, entire left bronchial tree, left atrium, anterior portion of apex of left ventricle, right retrocardiac space
53
What is a key evaluation criterion for PA oblique chest projections?
Both lungs in their entirety
54
What is the patient position for an AP oblique chest projection?
Supine or seated upright in wheelchair or stretcher
55
In the AP oblique chest projection, how far above the relaxed shoulders should the top of the IR be placed?
1½ to 2 inches (3.8 to 5 cm)
56
What should be centered to the IR in an AP chest projection?
MSP centered to IR
57
At what level does the central ray enter for an AP chest projection?
3 inches (7.6 cm) below jugular notch
58
What is a key feature of the structures shown in an AP chest projection?
Both lungs, heart and great vessels are magnified
59
What is an evaluation criterion regarding the sternal ends of the clavicles in an AP chest projection?
Sternal ends of the clavicles equidistant from the vertebral column
60
What is the patient position for an AP axial chest projection in the lordotic position?
Upright, facing tube
61
What is the central ray (CR) entry point for an AP axial chest projection?
MSP at midsternum, 3 to 4 inches (7.5 to 10 cm) below jugular notch
62
What structures are shown in an AP axial chest projection?
Lung apices, interlobar effusions
63
What should the evaluation criteria for an AP axial chest projection include?
Clavicles located superior to the apices
64
What is the standard collimated radiation field size for decubitus positions?
14 × 17 inches (35 × 43 cm)
65
In a lateral decubitus position, on which side should the patient lie to demonstrate fluid?
Affected side
66
In a lateral decubitus position, on which side should the patient lie to demonstrate free air?
Unaffected side
67
How long should the patient remain in position before exposure in a lateral decubitus position?
5 minutes
68
What is the CR orientation for lateral decubitus positions?
Horizontal and perpendicular to center of IR
69
What changes should be shown in the lateral decubitus positions?
Changes in fluid position, presence of free air
70
What is the patient position for lateral ventral or dorsal decubitus positions?
Prone or supine
71
What should be the central ray (CR) entry point for lateral ventral or dorsal decubitus positions?
3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 cm) below jugular notch or T7
72
What should the evaluation criteria for lateral ventral or dorsal decubitus positions include?
Entire lung fields, including anterior and posterior surfaces, upper lung field not obscured by arms
73
The hooklike process at the end of the trachea is called?
carina
74
What is the Lindblom method used for?
better view the lungs apices withoutr the clavicles obstructing
75
Where is the thymus located?
behind the manubrium
76
Why is the left lateral postion prefered for lateral CXR
Patient's heart is closer to the IR reducing magnifaction
77
What is a pnuemonothorax
presence of air in the pleural cavity
78
What level of KVp is needed for full penetration of the thorax
high KVp
79
What is the rarest body type?
hypersthenic
80
What is the term for placing the patient for the xray?
position
81
What is the term for someone lying on their back?
supine
82
What is the hand placement for a PA chest?
back of hands on hips
