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PSYC 1105 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

EEG

A

Cap of electrodes that go on head and records brain activity

Helps with general sense of brain activity when someone is sleeping / relaxing

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2
Q

ERP

A

Event regulated potentials

Record brain activity

Part of an EEG

E for “Event”

Sees how the brain is reacting to particular events or stimulus

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3
Q

what do we use to record electrical brain activity

A

EEG and ERP

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4
Q

Neuro Imaging techniques

A

CT scan
CAT scan
PET scan
MRI
fMRI

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5
Q

CT or CAT scan

A

Neuroimaging

X-ray images of the brain

Detects blot clots, cancers, etc.

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6
Q

PET Scan

A

Detects brain activity

You get injected with a radio active substance into blood stream, which leaks into your brain and you can see which parts of the brain are more actives since the active parts light up brighter

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7
Q

MRI

A

used magnetic fairly to produce a brain image

Gives more clear image

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8
Q

FMRI

A

Screen inside the MRI

Shows us which part of the brain re activates when someone is doing a particular task / function

Best technique we have

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9
Q

The Nervous System

A

Controls everything we do

Central nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System

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10
Q

What are the types of nervous systems we have

A

Central nervous system - CNS - brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System - PNS - nerves that connects the CNS to the body . (Somatic and Autonomic)

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11
Q

Peripheral Nervous System - PNS

A

The nerves that connects the CNS to the body and

carries info to the body from the CNS

somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary

Controls voluntary muscle movements and sensory info

Takes info of bilingual sensations and movements and transmits the info to and from the CNS

Ex. Running, stretching, throwing a ball, etc.

Part of the PNS

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13
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary

Controls involuntary basic life functions . - Without conscious control or thought.

2 divisions -
Sympathies and parasympathetic nervous system

Ex. Heartbeat, digestion, breathing , etc.

Part of the PNS

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14
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system in the PNS

Fight or Flight

Occurs during emergencies, stressful, anxious, frightening times, etc.

Increases heart rate, blood pressure, pupils dilate to let more light in, etc.

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15
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system in the PNS

Rest and Digest

Most active during restful calm situations or also Happens after a stressful situation,

Heartrate down, breathing down.

Body is conserving energy and settling the body back down

Ex. After a rollercoaster ride

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16
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain
Spinal Cord

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17
Q

What does the brain do

A

Regulates, monitors, processes, and guides other nervous sister activities

Directs coherent and organized control over the body

Learning, memory, decision making, moving, etc,

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18
Q

What are the three structures of the brain?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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19
Q

Spinal cord

A

Major neural pathway

Mediates sensory and motor info to and from the brain and PNS , and controls reflexes

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20
Q

Hindbrain

A

Focus on the important functions that will keep us alive

Closest to the Spinal cord

Pons, medulla, cerebellum , reticular formation

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21
Q

Medulla

A

Hindbrain

Controls basic involuntary bodily functions

Ex. Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure , reflexes like vomiting, sneezing, swallowing,etc.

Relays messages to the spinal cord and rest of brain

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22
Q

Pons

A

Hindbrain

“Bridge” in Latin

Bridge between the medulla and other brain areas . Connects the medulla to the cerebral cortex

Involved in Basic bodily functions like eye movements, facial expressions , bladder control, swallowing

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23
Q

Cerebellum

A

Hindbrain

Controls movement, balance, motor coordination

Regulates state of consciousness

Transfers all sensory info (other than smell) to other brain areas

Facilitates communication to some key sub cortical structures and other areas of the cortex

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24
Q

Reticular formation

A

Hindbrain and midbrain

Controls the sleep/wake cycle , arousal, and attention

Communicates pain signals from the body to the brain

Allows our eyes to track and fixate in moving objects

Relays visual and auditory info to the cerebellum to assist with motor coordination

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25
The midbrain
Relays info to other areas of the brain Controls fluidity of movement Reticular formation Small in humans
26
Forebrain
The largest most complicated section of the brain Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland The limbic system - amygdala and hippocampus Cerebral cortex Corpus callum
27
Thalamus
Forebrain Relay station Taking and sending info to other parts of the brain
28
Hypothalamus
Forbrain Controls biological functions needed for survival Monitors and controls release of hormone in pituitary gland Hunger, sex drive, maternal behaviours, sleep, thirst, body temperature, response to stress , motivation Maintains body at equilibrium / homeostasis
29
Pituitary gland
Forebrain Releases hormones Controls endocrine system Regulated by the hypothalamus
30
the Limbic System
Forebrain An interconnected group of structures involved in motivation, emotions, learning, and memory Amygdala Hippocampus
31
Amygdala
The Limbic system in the forebrain Involved in emotional control Particularly fear and aggressive info Works with the sympathetic nervous system E. Man in free solos amygdala didn’t light up as a normal person who doesn’t do the fearful climbs does.
32
Hippocampus
The Limbic system in Forebrain Learning and memory Elephants never forget…neither do hippos Memory for things that have happened in your episodic life
33
Cerebral Cortex
The Midbrain Responsible for the higher level cognitive functions - memory, learning, awareness, language, and sensory processing The wrinkly stuff of the brain 2 hemispheres, 4 lobes - frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
34
Corpus callum
The midbrain Provides cross hemisphere connections How one side of the brain talks to the other People can still function if severed
35
Four lobes of the brain and their function
Occipital lobe = vision Frontal lobe = higher order functions, movement, speech Temporal lobe = sounds , language comprehension Partetial lobe = touch
36
Occipital Lobe
Visual info Back of brain Right side goes to back right hemisphere side, left goes to left
37
Temporal Lobe
Auditory info and Language comprehension (wernikes area) Only on the left side of the brain
38
Parietal Lobe
Tactical info - touch Top of head Large amount goes to hands because we use them lots, less to places we don’t use as much. Different parts of the lobe connects to different parts of the body.
39
Frontal Lobe
Movement , speech production, higher order functions Emotion regulating, navigating social relationships, moral reasoning, etc. Front of brain This is what makes humans special compared to other animals
40
Neuron
A single nerve cell
41
Cell body
Contains nucleus Palm of the hand
42
Demtrites
“Deliver” Take in messages from adjacent neurons Fingers
43
Axon
A for “away” Carries signals to the nest cell Wrist and Forearm
44
Terminal buttons
End points of neurons Info is passed onto a neighbouring neuron here Elbow
45
Glial cells
Create blood brain barrier Provide myelin Remove dead neurons
46
How do neurons work?
1. Resting potential of neurons - polarized = a - charge inside, and a + charge outside , -70mV 2. Ion channels - pores in cell membrane open and close to let certain ions in and out of cell 3. When a neuron is stimulated the cell depolarized 4. Rapid reversal of electrical polarity causes action potential to occur - the electrical current travels down the axon, which then leads to a neurotransmitter release . Think of this as the wave at a stadium of people Operates with the all or nothing law. They either fire or don’t. 5. Refractory period - recovery after a nearing fires - absolute or relative Or Resting potential maintained by sodium/potassium pump, Sodium channels open, depolarization sodium ions rush in, sodium channels close and potassium channels open, repolarization potassium ions rush out, refractory period sodium channels can’t open and potassium channels close, resting potential rests kicked by sodium/potassium
47
Ion channels
Pores in the cell membrane that open and close to allow certain ions in and out of the cell Sodium and potassium . Resting potential maintained by sodium/potassium pump, Sodium channels open, depolarization sodium ions rush in, sodium channels close and potassium channels open, repolarization potassium ions rush out, refractory period sodium channels can’t open and potassium channels close, resting potential rests kicked by sodium/potassium
48
Synapse
A small space between the axon terminals of one neuron and the receptor sites of another Once electrical messages get to the end Activity between neurons is chemical, activity within neurons is electrical
49
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers going from one neuron to the next - across the synaptic space Bind dentrites with the next neuron Associated with learning, emotions , mood, anxiety GABA, serotonin, Dopamine
50
GABA
Inhibitory , arousal of nervous system Anti anxiety meds - mimic neurotransmitters- reduce neuroactivity
51
Serotonin
Mood, appetite, sleep Antidepressants
52
Domamine
Mood, control voluntary movement, reward Treatment of Parkinson’s disease
53
Brain plasticity
Making new connections and pathways The ability of the brain to create new neural pathways and recorganize connections in response to experience or injury Ex. Someone had a stroke on the left side of their brain, normally the left side would activate but since it was damaged the brain can start activating other areas that will start to take over that function
54
DTI
Screening that shows white matter of the brain
55
Interneuron
A type of cell that allows a sensory and motor neuron to communicate
56
What neurons are involved in reflexes when removing your foot after stepping on a tack?
Motor neurons Sensory neurons Interneurons
57
Motor neurons
Allows for both voluntary and involuntary movements through muscles and glands
58
Sensory neurons
Nerve cells that are activates by sensory input from the environment Like when touching a hot surface or stepping on a tack
59
Brocas area function
Controls speech Left hemisphere
60
Wenikes area function
Controls language comprehension
61
Ependymal cells
Specialized Neuroglia cells that create and secrete cerebrospinal fluid
62
Microglia cells
Specialized glial cells to clean up debris or dead neurons
63
Concentration gradient
Uneven distribution of sodium inside and outside the resting neuron
64
Saltatory conduction
The movement of action potentials down the axon by jumping from node to node
65
Saltatory conduction
The movement of action potentials down the axon by jumping from node to node

PSYC 1105 (3 decks)

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