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PSYC 1105 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of mental processes or behavior

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2
Q

What are the four goals os psychology

A

Describe
Explain
Predict
Control

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3
Q

What are the levels of Psychology when studying behaviours and mental processes

A

The brain - neuronal activity, brain structure, genes . How the brain differ from person to person and situation to situation

The person - emotions , ideas, group . The content of the individuals mental processes from an influence behaviour

The group - friends, family, population, culture . How the behaviour is shaped by the social and cultural environments

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4
Q

What are the roots of psychology

A

Philosophy
Theology
Medicine
Early science

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5
Q

Mental processes

A

Describes the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking , processing information, and using language
Complex experiences such as thinking, imagining, and remembering

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6
Q

Consciousness

A

Our immediate awareness of our intervals and external states

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7
Q

Voluntarism

A

A theory which will is regarded as the ultimate agency in human behaviour
Belief that much of behaviours is motivated and that attention is focused for an explicit purpose

Importance of will

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8
Q

Importance of will

A

Believe the will organized the minds content into higher level, more complex thought processes

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9
Q

Who created the first psychology lab and where

A

Wilhelmina Wundt
Leipzig Germany in 1879

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10
Q

School of psychological thought

A

A specific perspective on the study of behaviour

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11
Q

Structuralism

A

The study of structure, or basic components, or conscious experience

Led by Edward Tichener

A philosophical approach that studies the structure of conscious experiences

Focus on introspection - reflective observation of our own mental processes

Ex. Looking at the parts that make up a car engine then determining how they are related

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12
Q

Introspection

A

reflective observation of our own mental processes

Led by Edward Tichener - part of structuralism

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13
Q

Functionalism

A

Led my William James

How and why the mind functions and adapts to changing environments

Look at the differences among individuals rather than identifying only those characteristics they shared.

A philosophical approach that considers how mental processes function to adapt to changing environments

Based off the beliefs that scientists should examine the function of purpose of consciousness rather than focusing in its structure

Ex. Functionalists were more interested in what the engine of the care could do under a variety of conditions

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14
Q

Gestalt Psycology

A

Led my Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka

The field of psychology arguing that we have inborn tendencies to structure what we see in particular ways and the structure our perceptions into broad perceptual units

Gestalt means. “ while. “ or “form “

Ex. Illusions - how a computer screen shows a picture but when you look closer is a whole bunch of little dots called pixels but our brains avor integrating those dots into cohesive pictures or wholes

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15
Q

Psychoanalytic Approach

A

Sigmund Freud

Influenced modern psychology

Unconscious mental processes direct behaviour

Theory that human mental processes are influenced by the competition between unconscious forces to come into awareness

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16
Q

Unconscious

A

Hypothesized repository of thoughts, feelings, and sensations outside human awareness

Have a strong bearing on human behaviours

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17
Q

Behaviourism

A

Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. skinner, Albert Bandura

Believed psychology should only study behaviours that are observable .

Strict behavior isn’t believe that all behaviours are the result of an experience

Rejects the study of consciousness and abstract mental processes.

Focuses on the association between stimuli and response.

The consequences of a behaviour influence the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated - reinforcement and punishment

Social observation / modelling can also influence behaviour - cognitive behaviourism

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18
Q

Stimuli

A

Elements of the environment that trigger changes in our internal or external states

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19
Q

Response

A

The way we react to stimuli

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20
Q

Reinforcement

A

A learning process that increases the likelihood that a given response will be repeated

Positive and negative reinforcements

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21
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

When it brings out a desired outcome like food or money

22
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

When it helps an organism avoid undesirable outcomes like electrical shock and loud noises

23
Q

Punishment

A

An experience that produces a decrease in particular behaviour

Renders behaviours to Less likely to be repeated

Ex. Denying you kid dessert if they don’t eat their broccoli

24
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Carl rogers and Abraham Maslow

Emphasizes each persons unique experiences and the idea that human beings have free will to determine their destiny.

Theory is psychology that sought to give greater prominence to special and unique features of human functioning

Focus on - self actualization and Client centered therapy

25
Client centered therapy
An approach of therapy based on the notion that the clients is an equal and that positive gains are made by mirroring clients thoughts and feelings in an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard Ex. Therapists should do this
26
Cognitive psychology
Hebb , Neisse, beck, miller Studies mental process involved in perception, learning. Memory, and thinking Focuses in how info is processed and stored in our minds Embodied congnition Information processing Cultural psychology Cross cultured psychology
27
Information processing
How info is stored and operated internally
28
Cognition
The mental processes involved in knowing, perceiving, and remembering Includes research in areas like decision making, problem solving. And understanding language
29
Cultural psychology
The study of how cultural practices shape psychological and behavioural tendencies and influence human behaviour
30
Cross cultural psychology
The study of what is generally or universally true about human beings regardless of culture
31
Neuroscience / psychobiology
Lashley, hebb, sperry Study of psychology functions by looking at biological foundations of those functions Explores brain structure and activity and they ways they may be related to individual behaviours and group dynamics Behavioural and biology interact in important ways
32
Behavioural genetics
A sub field os psychology looking at the influence of genes in human behaviour
33
Sociobiologists
Theorists who believe humans have a genetically innate concept of how social behaviour should be organized.
34
Evolutionary psychology
A field of study believing that the body and brain are products of evolution and the genetic inheritance plays an important role in shaping the complete range of thoughts and behaviours Major perspective in psychology today
35
Cultural universality
Behaviours and practices that occur across all cultures
36
Branches is psychology
Academic Clinical and counselling Applied
37
Current Trends in Psycology
Diversity of researchers and research participants Advances in technology Focus on positive aspects is Psycology
38
Academic branch of Psycology
A branch focusing on research and instructions in the various areas or fields of study in Psycology Typically works at schools and universities diving time between teaching and conducting research in their particular fields of interest
39
Clinical and counselling branch of Psycology
Study of abnormal psychological behaviours and interventions designed to change that behaviour Involved helping people to modify thoughts, feelings, and behaviour that are causing them distress or inhibiting their functions
40
Applied branch of Psycology
Applying psychological principals to practical problems in other fearless like education, marketing, or industry Ex . Industrial organizations Psychology, sports Psycology, etc,
41
Major perspectives in Psycology today
Psychoanalytic Behavioural Humanistic Cognitive Psychobiology / neuroscience Evolutionary Socio-cultural
42
Psychoanalytic
Interactions between the conscious and unconscious mind govern virtually all behaviour Childhood experiences set the stage for later psychological functioning
43
Behavioural
Only observable behaviour can be studied scientifically Perspective focuses in stimulus-response relationships and the consequence for behaviour
44
Humanistic
People can be helped to realize their full and grand potential, which will inevitably lead to their positive psychological growth
45
Cognitive
Mental processes are studies using an information processing model (inputs/outputs)
46
Psychobiology/ Neuroscience
Functions are explained primarily min terms of their biological foundations
47
Evolutionary
Behaviour and mental processes are explained in terms of evolution, inheritance, and adaptation
48
Socio cultural
Norms and rules of society are learned through interacting with others Such behaviours may be culturally universal or may vary cross culturally
49
Introspection
The examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes
50
Introspection
The examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes

PSYC 1105 (3 decks)

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