Chapter 3

Question 1

What are the reasons for the percentage of newcomers from Europe falling in the last 40 years?

Answer 1

shifts in Canada’s immigration policies and international events related to the movement of migrants and refugees

Question 2

Classical liberalism

Answer 2

state should remain neutral in cultural and religious matters and concentrate on protecting individual rights and freedoms and the life, liberty, and property of its citizens

Question 2

How do you meet the demands of classical liberalism?

Answer 2

extend legal protections for civil and political rights to individuals. this would guarantee the rights of freedom of association, religion, speech, mobility, and political organization

Question 3

what do some contemporary liberals argue regarding minority groups?

Answer 3

They argue that states should recognize collective rights which would allow them to tto protect their interests and identities. In practice, this would mean that national minorities an ethnic groups would benefit rom specific rights and powers that other Canadians wouldn’t

Question 4

What are the 3 nations that make up Kymlicka’s multinational Canada?

Answer 4

English, French (national minority) and Indigenous (national minority)

Question 5

Why is Canada a polyethnic state?

Answer 5

It is composed of many ethnic groups formed by immigrants who came to the country

Question 6

why are the immigrants coming to Canada not considered nations?

Answer 6

they do not occupy a separate territory and their members participate within the public institutions of the dominant culture, and most of them speak English or French

Question 7

What should states do to accommodate the demands of national minorities and ethnic groups for recognition and support of their cultural identity?

Answer 7

adopt:
- self-government rights
- polyethnic rights
- special representation rights

Question 8

self-government rights

Answer 8

group-based rights that grant a national minority some kind of territorial jurisdiction or autonomy over its political and cultural affairs. Can be achieved through federalism or through the state redrawing territorial boundaries (1999 –> NWT divided into 2: NWT and Nunavut)

Question 9

Polyethnic rights

Answer 9

allow ethnic groups and religious minorities to express their cultural distinctiveness without discrimination. (ex: public funding of ethnic cultural practices and the teaching of immigrant languages, affirmative action)

Question 10

special representation rights

Answer 10

provision of guaranteed representation for particular groups in legislative bodies or other political institutions. given so national minorities and ethnic groups can participate in political process. Canada does NOT reserve seats for representation of national minorities or members of ethnic groups in the House of Commons and Senate

Question 11

what does the Offical Languages Act offer?

Answer 11

• gives individual members of the public the right to communicate with and be served by the federal govt in English or French within the National Capital Region or elsewhere in Canada where the demand for communications/services in that language are high
• requires francos and anglos to have equal opportunities to obtain employment and advancement in federal institutions
• guarantees the ability of public servants from both languages to work in the language of their choice

Question 12

What was the federal government’s first approach to defuse Quebec nationalism?

Answer 12

• Plan A
• convince Quebecers about the benefits of staying in Canada

Question 13

What was the federal government’s second approach to defuse Quebec nationalism?

Answer 13

• Plan B
• aimed at clarifying the terms for succession to make it very difficult for future referendums on Quebec’s sovereignty to succeed.

Question 14

Clarity Act

Answer 14

• 2000
• sets out the rules by which the government and Parliament would react to future referendums
• government will not negotiate the terms of separation with a province unless the House of Commons has determined that the question is clear

Question 15

What are the 3 categories of permanent residents, according to The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, 2002?

Answer 15

• economic: selected for their skills and ability to contribute to the economy –>PRIORITY
• sponsored family: foreign nationals sponsored by close relatives or family members
• resettled refugees and protected persons: people living in or outside of Canada who fear prosecution in their home country or whose removal from Canada would subject them to torture/risk to their life

Question 16

What are the 2 components of Canada’s refugee system?

Answer 16

• Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement Program: ppl outside of Canada
• Asylum Program: ppl making refugee protection claims from INSIDE Canada

Question 17

What are the factors that make Canada’s attitude towards immigration and refugees different from the US’s?

Answer 17

• Canada’s 3 oceanic boundaries which limit the number of unauthorized ppl who can reach the shores
• Canada’s multinationalism and history of accommodation between French and British settlers
• policies of accommodation and compromise that are typical of Canada’s approach to newcomers
• Canada’s stronger social safety net

Question 18

Human Rights Act, 1977

Answer 18

• prohibits discriminatory practices against individuals based on their race, national; or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, disability, or conviction for an offence which a pardon has been granted

Question 19

Section 15 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982

Answer 19

• guarantees all individuals the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination
• allows for programs designed to assist individuals or groups that have been discriminated against

Question 20

1995 Employment Act

Answer 20

• aims to achieve equality in the workforce so that no one is denied employment opportunities for reasons unrelated to ability

Question 21

official multiculturalism

Answer 21

policy introduced in 1971 that encourages people to embrace the culture and tradition of their choice while keeping their Canadian citizenship. Introduced in response to the recommendation from the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism

Question 22

what were the main objectives of official multiculturalism?

Answer 22

• help cultural groups to retain and foster their identity
• help members of al cultural groups to overcome cultural barriers to their full participation in Canadian society
• promote creative experiences among all Canadian cultural groups
• assist immigrants in learning at least one of Canada’s official languages

Question 23

What are the different types of integration?

Answer 23

• economic: process of finding a job and earning an income that matches education + experience
• political: participation in electoral processes and other forms of political engagement
• social: participation in Canadian institutions
• cultural: processes of learning about the host culture and its values and norms