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Canadian Democracy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why unite the British North American colonies?

A
  • economically advantageous –> larger domestic market by financing a railway link between Maritimes and Canada
  • Opens up the West to settlement
  • security from potential invasion from Americans
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2
Q

Who was involved in the proposals of the union and what did they believe in?

A
  • George Brown, leader of the Reformers –> got process underway.
  • John A. Macdonald, leader of the Conservatives –> legislative union: single legislature. (Knew Maritimers and Quebecois weren’t gonna like it, so a strong Parliament having all of the major legislative powers and provincial governments dealing with local matters was needed)
  • George-Etienne Cartier, leader of the Bleus –> “political nationality”: federal system in which provincial governments had substantial powers, along with protection of minorities
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3
Q

Charlottetown Conference

A
  • 1864
  • meeting of leaders of Canada and the Maritimes where they talked about uniting Canada
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4
Q

British North America Act

A
  • 1867
  • Act of Parliament of the UK establishing the Dominion of Canada
  • Later renamed Constitution Act
  • provided country with a constitution
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5
Q

Who didn’t want the union of the BNA colonies?

A
  • Maritimers: fear of domination by Canada
  • French Quebecers: loss of their identities
  • Indigenous peoples just weren’t consulted
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6
Q

What is noteworthy of the BNA Act?

A
  • adoption of a federal system of government that divided legislative powers between the Canadian Parliament and the provincial legislatures –> different from UK (unitary system)
  • establishment of the Canadian Parliament, considting of the House of Commons and the Senate
  • protection of Quebec’s civil law system
  • legislation regarding Indigenous peoples was the responsibility of the Canadian government, but there is no mention of Indigenous rights in the BNA Act
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7
Q

What did the Canadian government do in response to American expansionism?

A

negotiated an agreement to purchase Rupert’s Land and the Northwestern Territories from the Hudson’s Bay Company (1905: Alberta and Sask, 1912: Manitoba were carved out of this territory)

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8
Q

What happened in reaction to Canadian expansionism?

A

the Metis, who were not consulted rebelled. Louis Riel led this rebellion which blocked the lieutenant-governor’s entrance to the Red River settlement from Nov 1869-August 1870.

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9
Q

When did BC join Canada and what were the conditions?

A
  • 1871
  • large subsidy
  • assumption of the impoverished colony’s debts
  • promise of a railway to link the province with the rest of the country within 15 years
  • adoption of a responsible government for the province
  • the indigenous were not consulted AGAIN
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10
Q

When dis Prince Edward Island join Canada and what were the conditions?

A
  • 1873
  • assumption of the debt created by the construction of their railroad
  • buyout of British absentee landlords who controlled a lot of their land
  • commitment to maintain year-round ferry service to the island
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11
Q

When did Newfoundland Join Canada and what were the conditions?

A
  • 1949
  • assumption of the Newfoundland govt debt
  • subsidies
  • guarantee of steamship service to NS
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12
Q

What was the political structure like in Canada after 1867?

A
  • Canada was not completely sovereign
  • British government had the power to:
  • overturn Canadian legislation
  • extend British laws to Canada
  • control Canada’s foreign policy
    –> WAS NOT ALWAYS IN CANADA’S BEST INTEREST
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13
Q

Statute of Westminister

A
  • 1931
  • Ends British control over Canada
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14
Q

What are the challenges in the Maritimes’ economic growth compared to the rest of Canada?

A
  • shift from cross-Atlantic to north-south with the US
  • sale of Maritime businesses to central Canadians, reducing the control of their own economies
  • development and expansion of Ont and Qc and rapid growth of the West reduced their political influence
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15
Q

Maritime Rights Movement

A
  • 1920s –> declining economic and political position of Maritimes in Canada
  • sought better terms for the Maritimes within Canada
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16
Q

Macdonald’s National Policy

A
  • 1879
  • railway construction
  • high tariff on import of manufactured goods
  • encouragement of immigration to Western Canada
17
Q

What were some of the challenges faced by the Prairies in their development?

A
  • they didn’t gain control of their own public lands and natural resources until 1930
  • the railway freight rates discouraged the location of manufacturing and processing in western Canada
18
Q

What influence did the Progressive Movement have in Canada from the Prairies?

A

Prairie farmers challenged the central Canadian business and government elites. They governed the province of Alberta from 1921 to 1935

19
Q

National Energy Program

A

-government program adopted in 1980
- kept oil prices below the international level
- established a federal Crown corporation to be involved in the oil industry
- encouraged +
-subsidized oil exploration on federal lands in the Arctic and offshore Newfoundland
- increased the govt share of oil revenues

20
Q

How did the National Energy Program affect the Prairies?

A

It reduced the dependence on Albertan oil and symbolized the Canadian government’s catering to the manufacturing interests in Ont and Qc at the expense of the oil-producing provinces

21
Q

What issues do British Columbians face in Canada?

A
  • feel like the Canadian government is oriented to the interests and concerns of central Canada
22
Q

What are the challenges Newfoundland and Labrador face in Canada?

A
  • critical of the “giveaways” of the province’s resources
  • Canadian government’s mismanagement of cod stocks and disputes concerning offshore oil revenues
  • Unwillingness of the Canadian government to require Qc to allow Labrador hydroelectricity to be transmitted through Qc –> sale of Labrador power to QC Hydro
23
Q

What are the feelings of people from Newfoundland and Labrador towards Canada?

A

They want greater provincial powers. Many people have a strong Newfoundland identity, some believe that Newfoundland was coerced into its union with Canada

24
Q

What are some of the issues Ontario faces in Canada

A
  • Ontario premiers have been at odds with Canadian government
  • province contributes more to Canada than it gets in return
25
Q

What did the Canadian Constitution adopted in 1867 say regarding French-Canadians?

A
  • English or French may be used in the Canadian Parliament and courts established by Parliament
  • Records and acts of Parliament must be published in both languages
  • Catholic and Protestant school systems put in place in provinces at the time of Confederation were protected
  • Canadian Parliament given the right to pass remedial legislation if provincial school right was violated
26
Q

What change was observed in Manitoba when the French-English population went from being 50/50 to mostly English?

A

Manitoba Act, 1870 (50/50) –> English and French are the teo official languages of the provincial legislature and courts
mostly English:
Official Language Act, Manitoba, 1890 –> English is the sole language of the legislature and courts
Manitoba Schools Ac, 1890 –> public school system with English as language of instruction

27
Q

What did Quebec do to try protecting the French language?

A

Adopted Bill 101 in 1977, which included provisions preventing most children from going to English schools unless one of their parents had been educated in English in Quebec

28
Q

What was a big economic problem faced by French Canadians in Quebec?

A
  • Discrimination against francophones
  • anglophones control most of the province’s wealth and high-paying managerial and technical jobs
29
Q

Conscription crisis

A

the imposition of compulsory military service during WW1 that divided English and French-Canadians

30
Q

Quiet Revolution

A

Series of political, institutional, and social reforms brought under Jean Lesage’s Liberal Party beginning in 1960

31
Q

what idea did modern nationalism promote?

A

Quebecois should assume control over their own affairs through the government of Quebec

32
Q

1st referendum held by the PQ

A
  • May 1980
  • asked Quebecers their opinion on a potential agreement with Canada for sovereignty with an economic association with Canada and a common currency
  • No won with 59.9%, majority of francophones voting against independence
33
Q
A
34
Q

2nd PQ referendum

A
  • September 1995
  • sovereignty
  • No won with 50.6%
  • more than 60% of francophones voted yes
35
Q

What type of government did farmers’ movement advocate for and why?

A

plebiscitary democracy because it gave ordinary people direct control over their reps and the policies adopted by governments

Canadian Democracy (2 decks)

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