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Environmental Bio Exam 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are habitats? (chapter 3)

A

A natural environment of an organism, the place in which it is “natural for it to live and grow.”

A zone where an organism lives where it can “find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction.”

A set of “specified conditions” at a specified place

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2
Q

Abiotic is?

A

Not alive (Physics and Chemistry)

Temp
pH
Solar Radiation
Water
Pressure
Sound

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3
Q

Biotic is?

A

Alive (Other organisms that are positive and negative)

Competition
Disease/parasite
Predators
Prey
Primary producers
Mates

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4
Q

What are environmental gradients?

A

A change in an abiotic factor from one place to another

High elevations mountain slopes
Mid elevation transition zone
Low elevation grassland
(Temperature, pressure, elevation, rainfall, plant life)

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5
Q

What do plants have for adaptation?

A

Nutrients from soil
co2 from atmosphere
Desiccations - cuticle
“Transpiration”
Vascularization
rigidity - cell wall
Gamete propagation

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6
Q

What do animals have for adaptation?

A

skin/cuticle - prevent water loss
Moist respiration surface
Stronger endo/exoskeleton
Size
Homeostasis

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7
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

regulation

A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

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8
Q

How do you measure oceans?

A

How far from land
Off shore (pelagic)
Depth (epipelagic, hadalpelagic)

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9
Q

What are some facts about seawater?

A

Sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium

4 billion years old = ocean

Light in water: Photic Zone - where the light is in the water ~ 40 - 600m

Aphotic Zone > 600 m

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10
Q

Does fresh water become less dense when being frozen over?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What are the gasses in seawater?

A

Cold Liquids hold more gas

Warm liquids holds less gas

CO2 produces more by cold waters, organisms, volcanic activity

O2 is made more in the water’s surface due to plants that gather sunlight at the top

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12
Q

What is pressure for seawater?

A

Sea level to space = 1 ATM (atmosphere) Absolute pressure

Air spaces gets compressed when going into the depths of the oceans

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13
Q

What is Pycnocline?

A

depths of rapid density changes

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14
Q

What is thermocline?

A

rapid temp changes

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15
Q

What is Halocline?

A

rapid salinity changes

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16
Q

How do Pycnocline, Thermocline, and Halocline affect one another?

A

When temp changes, so does density

Change salinity, change density

Fresh water is less dense than saltwater

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17
Q

Salinity changes where?

A

nearshore and estuary environments

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18
Q

What’s estuary?

A

the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream.

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19
Q

Does Density difference between fresh and saltwater cause stratification?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What is brackish water?

A

where saltwater and freshwater are mixed

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21
Q

Does Salinity tolerances determine an organism’s habitat?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Primary Production

A

Pertain to small plants

Production mostly happens away from the equator

Cold holds more gas

Upwelling happens in the equator

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23
Q

The term ________________ is used to quantify the amount of carbon locked into biomass - the amount fixed by photosynthesis

A

Production

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24
Q

6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

A

Carbon + water -> Sugar + Oxygen

Rate function - Carbon/unit area (Volume)/Time

25
Q

What is Gross Primary Production?

A

total amount of fixed carbon

26
Q

What is Net Primary Production?

A

Biomass or carbon produced by primary produced in a given area and time

the amount let to support other trophic levels (GPP - growth and maintenance respiration by plants)

27
Q

What is Phytoplankton?

A

the autotrophic (photosynthesizing) component of the plankton community (1st)

Floating algae or blue-green algae - photosynthetic

Primary producers in the ocean.

28
Q

What is Zooplankton?

A

the heterotrophic component of the plankton community (2nd)

Usually larval stage of floating animals (animal-like, may be the larval state of fishes)

May eat other plankton (non-photosynthetic)

29
Q

What are the factors of Primary Production?

A

Latitude - Seasonal Variations

Species distribution - how species fair for sunlight and temperature

Nutrient concentration - how much nutrients determine where its going to be

Nutrients that matter, not the cold water

30
Q

What is Zonation?

A

The categorization of communities of organisms based on their distribution or arrangement in a habitat

A gradual change in communities (especially plants) caused by changes in habitat; the effect on communities produced by environmental gradients

Gradual change in vegetation. The boundaries of zones are often caused by competition (resource partitioning) between neighboring populations and by abiotic factors along an environmental gradient that affect species competitiveness.

31
Q

What are the distinct horizontal banding of organisms for the intertidal Zonation?

A

Supralittoral fringe
Midlittoral Zone
Infralittoral fringe

32
Q

Explain the plants growth reasoning for the Intertidal Zonation.

A

Vascular plants can’t handle salinity
Temperature/shade for plants to grow
Soil

33
Q

What is the Intertidal Zone?

A

The part of the seashore between high and low tides, where marine organisms are periodically out of the water

smallest area of world oceans

Greatest variations in environmental factors

Inhabited primarily by marine organisms

34
Q

What is the most influencing factors for the Intertidal Zone?

A

The tide

35
Q

What are the effects when it comes to the tides influence in Intertidal Zones?

A

Air exposure - longer exposed desication and temp extremes

Timing of exposure - midday timing different than exposure at night

36
Q

What is another name for Intertidal Zone?

A

Littoral Zone

37
Q

What is Deep Sea Zonation?

A

Shallow water that surrounds land masses accounts for less than 10% of the area of the world’s ocean

This region, plus the offshore waters lit by the sun

90% of the ocean is composed of dark, cold waters

38
Q

What is Forest Zonation?

A

natural layering of ecosystems that occurs at distinct altitudes due to varying environmental conditions. Temperature, humidity, soil composition, and solar radiation

39
Q

What is another name for Forest Zonation?

A

Altitudinal gradients

40
Q

Does each zone support different vegetation and animal species?

A

Yes it may.

41
Q

What is Relative importance?

A

calculated using size and abundance. The dominant species according to RI stand out above the dashed line.

42
Q

What is Asymmetrical Zonation?

A

Windward side - water gets dumped and goes up the hill

Leeward side - dry air goes down the hill

43
Q

In places where optimal factors are present, you will find what?

A

Location of organisms

Distribution of factors => Distribution of organisms

44
Q

Factors are often ___________ resulting in a ____________ distribution of an organism.

A

Patchy

45
Q

What is the most important climatic factor for land organisms? (Plants, animals, fungi, etc.)

A

Water

46
Q

What happens to light as it goes deeper into the oceans depths?

A

Refraction.

Light intensity gradually reduced with depth

Changes in color and gets dimmer/dark

47
Q

What are filter feeders?

A

Feed on Plankton in the water column

Rely on food particles from the current

Benthic (i.e. attached)

EX: clams, sponges, fish, etc.)

48
Q

What dominates marine ecosystems?

A

Animals

49
Q

What dominates terrestrial ecosystems?

A

Plants

50
Q

what is desiccation?

A

Removal of moisture, drying out

51
Q

Land animals need mechanical support in the form of what?

A

Internal/external skeletons

(Mechanical plan rather than architectural plan)

52
Q

What counters gravity in the water that allows it to easily float?

A

Buoyancy

53
Q

_________ is a way to reduce the force of water/air.

A

Streamlining

54
Q

Stiff organisms are ________, __________, and ___________ together for mutual support.

A

Short, streamlined, and tightly clumped

55
Q

_________ and __________ can only occur where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis.

A

Survival and Growth

56
Q

What colors penetrate further into the water’s depths?

A

Blue and green light

57
Q

Shorter wavelengths have _____________ and can ____________.

A

More energy; penetrate to deeper depths

58
Q

Longer wavelengths have ___________ and thus get ________________ as they go through the water column

A

Less energy; scattered easily

Environmental Bio Exam 1 (4 decks)

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