Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Developmental Psychology 1a > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Varicocele

A

Where the enlarged veins on male testicles raise the temperature in the testes interfering with sperm production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What increases success rates of IVF?

A

Selecting optimal eggs based on mitochondria, changing the time when eggs are harvested for fertilisation and augmenting egg cells in a bath of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three periods of prenatal development?

A
  1. Germinal period (first 2 weeks)
  2. Embryonic period (3-8 weeks)
  3. Fetal period (9 week till birth)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens in the Germinal Period?

A

In the first week or two, the zygote divides through mitosis to form a blastocyst. At day 6, it implants in the uterine wall. During this period, many may miscarry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens during the embryonic period?

A

Organogenesis (formation of organs) occurs. The outer layer of the blastocyst becomes the amnion and chorion (later placenta). The interior gives rise to the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm which later forms tissues/organs. At 3-4 weeks, the neural plate folds to become the neural tube. Sex differentiaion occurs in the last week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the consequences of a improperly formed neural tube?

A
  1. Spina Bifida (where a part of the spinal cord is not fully encased in a protective covering of the spinal column)
  2. Anencephaly (main portion of the brain above the brain stem fails to develop)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What occurs in the fetal period?

A

3 steps in brain development: Proliferation - neurons multiply at a staggering rate to form around 100 billion neurons. After birth, proliferation produces an increase in glial cells. Migration - neurons move to particular locations where they become specialised. Differentiation occurs last where neurons specialise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the environment of an unborn child?

A

The prenatal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the social environment for a child?

A

All the people who can influence and be influenced by the developing person and the broader culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were the misconceptions about the placenta?

A

While it was thought that the placenta served as a screen to protect the fetus from harmful substances, it is not the case. Epigenetic effects are most shown during the prenatal period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are “reciprocal influences”?

A

The idea that people shape their physical and social environments and are affected by the environments they helped create.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What impacts developmental outcomes?

A

Fetal programming brought about by epigenetic effects of the environement. Therefore, prenatal experience can change a person’s physiology and wiring of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who may also be affected by prenatal environmental factors?

A

The offspring of the unborn child may also be affected. Therefore a woman’s grandchildren may also be affected by health, diet and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do teratogens effect development?

A
  1. Critical period - the effects of tertogens are worst during the critical period when an organ system grows rapidly
  2. Dosage and duration - the greater and longer level of exposur, the more damage
  3. Genetic makeup - susceptibility to harm is influenced by the genetic makeup of the unborn child and the mom.
  4. Environment - its effect depends on the quality of the prenatal and postnatal environements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the effect of thalidomide?

A

It was a mild tranquilizer used to relieve morning sickness - caused many women in the 1950s to give birth to babies with missing limbs, deformed eyes/hearts etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of tobacco?

A

Smoking can lead to miscarriage, prematurity, respiratory problems, cleft lip etc. It is also significant to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Smoking restricts blood flow to the fetus which may lead to these effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the effect of alcohol?

A

Alcohol readily crosses the placenta which impacts the process of neural migration, neuronal death and impaired glial cells. Worst is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS usually lead to certain facial characteristics and smaller bodies and they often exhibit hyperactive behaviour and low IQ. There is also a spectrum disorder for this. There is no critical period - any drink any time is bad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Teratogens and fetal development period

A

Teratogens affect certain parts of the body depending on what development occurs in each. For example, in the embryonic stage, teratogens often affect neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are factors that effect the damage of teratogens?

A
  1. The mother’s physiology (such as metabolism of alcohol) and mental status
  2. The embryo’s genetic makeup and physical condition affect their resistance and recovery from damage.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the effect of illicit drugs?

A

An example is cocaine and opiods. Cocaine reality crosses the placenta and constricts blood vessels, leading to miscarriage, premature detachment of the placenta or later fetal stroke. It also leads to malnourishment, restricted growth etc, also impacting the growth of the amygdala. Babies from opiods are often smaller, need respritory and a c-section as well as are at risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difficulty with measuring the effect of teratogens on unborn children?

A

We often can not determine whether it was the tertogen or other patterns of behaviour that are close to the use of teratogens that affect babies.

20
Q

What is the effect of Rubella?

A

Infants have one or more defects including blindness, deafness, heart defects and low IQ. It’s critical period is the embryonic period. Many women are immunised for it now.

21
Q

What is the effect of diabetes?

A

When glucose levels are not stable or controlled in maternal diabetes, their is risk of premature delivery, stillbirth/miscarriage, immature lung development, congentical heart defects and neural tube defects.

22
Q

What is the effect of STIs?

A

AIDS can be tranbsmitted from mother to child - either by the placenta, when blood is exchanged between mother and child as umbilical cord seperates from placenta or during breastfeeding. This can be limited with anti-viral drugs. Syphilis can cause miscarriage or still birth - if not treated after birth, babies can suffer from blindness, deafness, heart and brain problems. It damages most in the middle and end period.

23
Q

What is the effect of radiation?

A

Heavy radiation can lead to miscarriage/still born babies and later handicapped babies. They are also at risk of intellectual disability and greater risk of cancers. Neural migration is often dirupted. It’s affect is strongest at 8-25 weeks.

24
Q

What is the effect of pollutants?

A

Air pollutants such as ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxides and lead can lead to prematurity and low birth weight, high blood pressure, delays in psychomotor, cognitive and respiratory abilities. Lead in water supply couldalso lead to increased fetal deaths, smaller bodies and prematurity. As well as impaired intellectual functioning. Calcium supplements can mitigate this. These negative effects can accumulate. Pesticides, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) can cause restricted prenatal growth, poor reflexes in infants, attention and learning problems.

25
Q

What can be done to reverse damages by tertogens?

A

Adequate childhood care can decrease the effects but higher concentrations of teratogens make it difficult.

26
Q

Age of the mother and birth complications

A

Young mother have higher than normal rates of prematurity and stillbirths. Pregnancies for people ages 19 or younger can lead to mild preeclampsia as well as a low-weight baby. Older mothers are at risk of miscarriage, stillbirth and low birth weight. Due to increases FSH leading to more eggs being released, older moms are more at risk at complications due to twins.

27
Q

Nutrition and mothers

A

Mothers need to consume more calories, consume more nutrients in a variety of vegetables, fruits grain etc. and folate (folic acid) for proper closing of the neural tube. Calcium/vitamin D are also important for strong bones/teeth. Obesity, for both and mother and father, can be transferred to the children genetically and also lead to obesity and diabetes.

28
Q

Emotional state of the mother and the infant

A

Adrenaline can pass through the fetus’s blood stream, which if prolonged and severe can affect the child. Examples are irregular heart rate and stinted prenatal growth. There may also be delays in cognitive development, increased fearfulness and depression. It is also linked with a higher chance of schizophrenia.

29
Q

How does maternal stress effect later development of the baby?

A

It programmes the developing fetal nervous system (mainly the HPA axis). Stress elevates cortisol levels which can develop fetal stress receptors. Making it more reactive and therefore leading to poor stress regulation.

30
Q

Preconception maternal stress…

A

is associated with higher infant mortality

31
Q

What is the effect of maternal depression?

A

It can contribute to preterm delivery and motor delays and affects the levels of neurotransmitters in newborns.

32
Q

Impact of paternal factors

A

The father’s age can affect miscarriage rates, as well as heart defects, neural tube and kidney problems. Down syndrome rates also increases. Young dads are also at greater risk of down syndrome and other abnormalities. Alcohol can also cause mutations in paternal DNA and the epigenome on the genome altering the expression of certain genes. Other toxins such as radiation, anaesthetic gases, pesticides etc can alter genetic material .

33
Q

What influences are included in the perinatal environment?

A

Drugs given to the mother during labor, delivery practices and social environment immediately after birth as well as a woman’s beliefs about labor and delivery

34
Q

What are the three stages of childbirth?

A
  1. When labor begins where there are regular contractions of the uterus and when the cervix has fully dilated caused by oxytocin - around 9 hours
  2. Delivery when the fetus’s head passes through the cervix into the vagina. It ends when the baby emerges from the mother’s body
  3. Delivery of the placenta
35
Q

What are the possible hazards of birth?

A
  1. Anoxia (oxygen shortage for the baby - long run can cause cerebral palsy, intellectual disability etc.) it can be minimised by reducing body temperature
  2. Complicated delivery (long time of delivery) it can be minimised with forceps (discouraged) or suction
36
Q

Caeserian sections

A

They are no more risky than vaginal birth today, and can be beneficial up to 10% of births. They are easier in the sense that they can be planned more than vaginal birth

37
Q

What medication is often given during labour?

A

Epidural block - reduces awareness of pain and sensation on certain parts of the body but lengthens labour

38
Q

What factors influence a mother’s experience of birth?

A
  1. Labor time
  2. Mother’s attitude towards pregnancy and labour
  3. The social support of the mother
  4. The mother’s knowledge of birth
  5. The mother’s control over childbirth
39
Q

how does culture affect the experience of childbearing?

A

Some prefer larger families and others smaller. Different cultural practices/beliefs during and after birth is also significant.

40
Q

Postpartum depression

A

The steep drops in levels of female hormones and stress associated with delivering a child with its responsiblities can lead to this. Most have a history with depression and a lack of social support . It can be reduced by home visits, telephone conversations etc.

41
Q

Fatherly stress

A

Many fathers can feel fatigued, bloated and nauseous due to a decline in testosterone during their partner’s pregnancy. Stress often decreases after birth.

42
Q

How is childbearing in lesbian relationships?

A

The non-biological mother may feel left out which can be mitigated by sharing responsiblities and care of the child.

43
Q

How are parent-infant interactions different from person to person?

A

As there is a multitude of factors such as culture and place such as when the babies was fed, where and when they sleep and how they are treated

44
Q

How are newborns screened for risk?

A

Using the Apgar test, which is an assessment of the heart rate, respiration, colour, muscle tone and reflexes of an infant. It is given 5 minutes after birth (scores of 7 or higher are okay, with 4 and under at risk.

45
Q

What are some risk factors for low-birth-weight?

A

Age of mother, SES, Race, teratogens, stress, twins/triplets/etc, infections and high blood pressure

46
Q

Examples of a treatment for LBW infants?

A

Surfactant therapy - increases the amount of surfactants in a LBW infant (prevents air sacs from sticking to each other)
Breast milk - early breast feeding can mitigate the low birth weight
Skin-on-Skin contact - helps maintain body temperature, heart rate and oxygen levels
Massage therapy - relaxes the baby and makes them less aroused, also increasing the efficiency of the disgestive system

47
Q

What determines the fate of LBW and premature babies?

A
  1. Their biological condition - physical and neurological status
  2. The quality of postnatal environment - through intellectual stimulation and responsive care, babies are able to
48
Q

Risk and Resilience

A

While a thalidomide baby will never grow back certain limbs, and babies with FAS will likely always have an intellectual disability, many babies have survived teratogens and other practices to become functioning adults. This may be because these babies recover.

49
Q

What protective factors can mitigate the damaging effects of risk factors?

A
  1. Personal resources - possibly due to genetic makeup, many children had positive qualities that allowed them to form stimulating environments for themselves
  2. Supportive postnatal environment - Some recieve social support where they could find one person who loves them unconditionally and with whom they feel secure.
50
Q
A

Developmental Psychology 1a (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions