chapter 3 Flashcards
process of speech
- air brought into the lungs
- diaphragm lowers and thoracic cavity expands
- air expels through the trachea
inspiration
taking in air
ingressive
expiration
eggressive
more common to phonate during expiration
larynx
voice box
cartilaginous skeleton that houses vocal cords
contains thread, arytenoid and cricoid cartilage
attached inferiorly to the trachea and superiorly to the hyoid
hyoid bone
only bone inhuman body that does not attach to another bone, attaches to ligaments and muscle
parts of the hyoid bone
body
greater horns
lesser horns
horseshoe shaped
vocal folds
elastic folds of tissue primarily composed of muscle
attach anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the arytenoid cartilages
glottic
space between vocal cords
subglottal pressure
pressure from below the glottis
vocal tract
structures above the vocal tract
pharynx
oral cavity
nasal cavity
articulators
articulators
lips
teeth
alveolar ridge
palate
velum
glottis
tongue
labiodental
lower lip and upper incisors
dental/interdental
upper and lower central incisors and tongue
bilabial
both lips
arytenoid cartilages
paired cartilages that attach to the superior portion of the cricoid cartilage; each vocal cord attaches to one arytenoid
cricoid cartilage
most inferior cartilage of the larynx
shaped like a class ring
phonation
vibration of the vocal cords in creation of a voiced sound
fundamental frequency
basic rate of vibration of the vocal folds
responsible for pitch
males - 120-125 per second
females - 220-225 per second
epiglottis
cartilage of the larynx that diverts food away from trachea and to esophagus
larynx importance during what activities
giving birth, lifting heavy objects, elimination
air is held in the lungs to provide extra strength and vocal cords are held tightly together to stop the escape of air
Bernoulli effect
aerodynamic principle
drop in air pressure is created by an increase in airflow through a constriction (vocal folds to he sucked together)
thyroid cartilage
most anterior cartilage
notch- Adam’s apple
pharynx
muscular tube structure that connects the larynx and oral cavity
(throat)
vocal tract
consists of the larynx, pharynx, and oral and nasal cavity
nares
nostrils
laryngopharynx
pharynx adjoining the larynx
oropharynx
adjacent to the posterior portion of oral cavity
nasopharynx
adjacent to posterior portion of the nasal cavity
articulation
modification of the airstream by speech organs in production of spoken language
airstream and accompanying acoustic vibrations are directed to the oral cavity and nasal cavities, vibrations are modified by speech organs to produce the individual phenomes
alveolar
bony ridge containing the sockets of the teeth, directly behind the upper incisors
palate
bony structure located posterior to the alveolar ridge
velum
soft palate behind hard palate
uvula
rounded structure located at the posterior
velopharyngeal closure
constriction formed by the velum and the rear wall of the pharynx, resulting in a diversion of the airstream into the oral cavity
quality
perceptual character of a sound based on its acoustic resonance patterns
also called timbre
source filter theory of speech production
modification of the sounds source by the resonating cavities of the vocal tract in production of spoken language
diaphragm
major muscle separating chest cavity from abdomen
resonance
vibratory properties of any sound producing body
phoneme’s unique sound quality associated with language due to a unique vocal tract shape and accompanying vibratory pattern
pulmonic
produced by air pressure from the lungs
inhalation verses exhalation during speech production
inhalation : 10 %
exhalation : 90%
all vowels are
voiced
supralaryngeal system
pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and speech organs
parts of the tongue
apex: tip
blade: posterior to tip
body: posterior to blade
root
velar sound
articulatory structure
soft palate (velum)
produced by articulation of the soft palate with the back of the tongue
/g/ /k/
alveolar sound
articulatory structure
alveolar ridge
tongue in contact with or in close proximity to the alveolar ridge
/t/ /s/ /z/ /l/
lingual sound
articulatory structure
tongue
major structure in production of speech
labial sound
articulatory structure
lips
lips open and close (bilabial/labiodental)
/m/ /b/ /p/ /v/ /f/
palatal sound
articulatory structure
hard palate
palate and tongue
/y/ in yes
glottal sound
articulatory structure
glottis
produced at vocal cords
/g/
dental sound
articulatory structure
teeth
combination with tongue and lip (labiodental)
oral phonemes
phonemes produced with a raised/closed velum
nasal phonemes
phonemes produced with a lowered velum
upper and lower jaw
upper- maxilla
lower- mandilla
anatomical structures involved in phonation
vocal folds
anatomical structures involved in articulation
speech organs
glottis, tongue, lip, palate, velum, teeth, alveolar ridge,
anatomical structures involved in inhalation
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
anatomical structures involved in exhalation
internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
