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Sonography > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound?

A

A form of energy

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2
Q

How does sound travel?

A

In waves

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3
Q

What does traveling sound require?

A

A medium (solid, liquid or gas)

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4
Q

Speed of sound in air

A

330 m/s

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5
Q

Speed of sound in lungs

A

500 m/s

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6
Q

Speed of sound in fat

A

1,450 m/s

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7
Q

Speed of sound in soft tissue (average)

A

1,540 m/s

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8
Q

Speed of sound in the liver

A

1,560 m/s

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9
Q

Speed of sound in blood

A

1,560 m/s

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10
Q

Speed of sound in muscles

A

1,600 m/s

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11
Q

Speed of sound in tendons

A

1,700 m/s

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12
Q

Speed of sound in bones

A

3,500 m/s

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13
Q

Sound travels _____ in solids, _____ in liquids, and _____ in gases.

A
  1. fastest
  2. slower
  3. slowest
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14
Q

What is ultrasound gel and it’s purpose?

A

Coupling gel:
removes the air from the path of ultrasound; sound can be transmitted into the tissue

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15
Q

Who are the 5 “ultrasound forefathers”?

A

Aristotle
Boethius
DaVinci
Galileo
Doppler

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16
Q

What did Aristotle discover?

A

350 BC - sound is carried to the ears by the movement of air (sound propagation)

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17
Q

What did Boethius discover?

A

524 AD - pebble theory; waves

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18
Q

What did DaVinci discover?

A

1500 AD - angle of reflection = angle of incidence

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19
Q

What did Galileo discover?

A

1638 - frequency determines pitch

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20
Q

What did Doppler discover?

A

1842 - pitch varies if source is moving

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21
Q

Who is the “Father of Ultrasound” and what did he discover?

A

Spallanzani; pulse echo location

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22
Q

What is audio ultrasound?

A

Sound that you can hear

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23
Q

What is color ultrasound?

A

Qualitative assessment of blood flow

24
Q

What is spectral ultrasound?

A

Measurement of audio (until you hit the “freeze” button)

25
Q

What is the piezoelectric effect?

A

Converts sound into electricity and electricity into sound.

26
Q

What is inside the transducer?

A

crystals

26
Q

What is pulse-echo technique?

A

Ultrasound is pulsed; transmit and recieve

26
Q

3 imaging modes

A

A-mode, B-mode, M-mode

27
Q

What is A-mode?

A

Amplitude mode
x-axis: location; depth of the returning echo
y-axis: height; strength of the reflector

28
Q

What is B-mode?

A

Brightness mode; grayscale imaging
(anechoic, hypoechoic, hyperechoic)

29
Q

What is M-mode?

A

Motion mode; captures the movement of structures along a single scan line represented over time
x-axis: time
y-axis: depth

30
Q

Real time scanners: Krause and Soldner

A

If you have more than 1 crystal in the transducer you can create real time ultrasound

31
Q

Define continuous wave doppler

A

2 crystals; one is sending and one is receiving constantly; transducer is always moving
ex: searching for fetal heart tones

32
Q

Define pulse wave doppler

A

1 crystal; depth discrimination, choose the depth you want to sample

33
Q

Define color power

A

Uses amplitude; is sensitive to slow, tiny vessels
does not show direction like “color”

34
Q

What is tissue harmonic imaging

A

Harmonics are additional frequencies; the higher the frequency the better the resolution

35
Q

Sonography specialities

A

Abdominal (small parts), Pediatric (neurosonography), OB/Gyn, Breast, Musculoskeletal, Vascular and Cardiac (echo)

36
Q

List the parts in abdominal sonography

A

-Gallbladder
-Urinary bladder
-Kidneys
-Liver
-Pancreas
-Spleen
-Appendix
-Biliary Tree
-Major Abdominal Vessels (Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava)
-Abdominal wall, bowel, disphragm
-Interventional Procedures

37
Q

List the parts in small parts sonography

A

-Thyroid
-Parathyroid
-Breast
-Testicular/Scrotal
-Prostate (performed transrectal)
-Superficial lesions/masses
-Interventional Procedures

38
Q

List the parts in pediatric sonography

A

-Neurosonography (neonatal brain, infant spine)
-GI (pylorus, colon, appendix)

39
Q

List the parts in OB 1st trimester sonography

A

13 weeks and 6 days
Performed intravaginal - most accurate for dating
-Gestational Sac
-Yolk Sac
-Embryo
-Cervix
-Uterus
-Ovaries
-Adnexa
-Interventional Procedures

40
Q

List the parts in OB 2nd/3rd trimester sonography

A

Performed transabdominal
20 week anatomy scan
-Cervix (done transvaginal or translabial if necessary)
-Placenta
-Fetus
-Interventional Procedures

41
Q

List the parts in Gynecology sonography

A

-Vaginal Canal
-Cervix
-Uterus (endometrium)
-Ovaries
-Adnexa
-Fallopian Tubes (only seen if fluid/pus filled)
-Cul-De-Sac
-Interventional Procedures

42
Q

What is Therapeutic Ultrasound?

A

Used to increase blood supply to certain areas by heating the tissue to reduce healing time

43
Q

What is High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound?

A

HIFU-Destroys tissues such as fibroids or tumors

44
Q

What is Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound?

A

Enhances the echogenicity of vessels and improves border recognition

45
Q

What is Ultrasound-Guided Brachytherapy?

A

Uses ultrasound guidance to treat cancers with radioactive material

46
Q

What is Ultrasound Elastography?

A

Evaluates a mass based on stiffness to predict if the mass is malignant or benign

47
Q

What is Fusion Imaging?

A

Allows the ultrasound machine to communicate with the PACS system to call up previous MRI or CT Scans

48
Q

What is Intravascular Ultrasound?

A

Uses a miniature probe to scan the circulatory system

49
Q

What is Automated Ultrasound?

A

Steered by a computer system

50
Q

What is Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma? (FAST)

A

Offers the E.R. physician a quick and sensitive method of diagnosing abdominal trauma

51
Q

What is Minitaurization?

A

Miniaturization of equipment has lead to higher-definition monitors and smaller computer system housing

52
Q

What is Wireless Technology?

A

Allows the transducer to communicate with the ultrasound machine without a cord getting in the way

53
Q

Who is Robert Boyle?

A

He determined that sounds requires a medium to travel through

54
Q

What are other names for power doppler?

A

Color Doppler energy or power angio

Sonography (6 decks)

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