chapter 3 Flashcards
What is a fundamental requirement for all clouds?
All clouds must be connected to a network.
FYI
The Internet: a giant highway system. connecting countless locations worldwide.
ISP (Internet Service Provider): provide you with access through your cable, phone line, or wireless connection. You pay them a fee for using their “lane” on the highway.
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers): the traffic authority for the internet highway. They’re responsible for assigning unique web addresses (like domain names - [invalid URL removed]) and internet protocol (IP)
__________ allow for the remote provisioning of IT resources and directly support ubiquitous network access.
the Internet,
What role do Internet Service Providers (ISPs) play in cloud computing?
ISPs establish and deploy the Internet’s largest backbone networks, interconnecting various organizations and ISP networks.
What is the function of core routers in the ISP network?
Core routers interconnect multinational networks, facilitating dynamic network routes for message travel.
Who supervises and coordinates Internet communications?
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) supervises and coordinates Internet communications.
No centralized entity comprehensively GOVERNS the Internet
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Describe the hierarchical topology of the Internet.
Tier 1 (large-scale, international cloud providers),
Tier 2 (large regional providers), and
Tier 3 (local ISPs).
What are the two fundamental components used to construct the inter-networking architecture?
Connectionless packet switching (datagram networks) and
router-based interconnectivity.
How does connectionless packet switching work?
Data flows are divided into packets that are processed and routed at each node.
carrying location information like IP or MAC addresses.
What is the role of a router in a network?
A router connects multiple networks and forwards packets, processing each packet individually while maintaining network topology information.
What layers are involved in the physical network of the Internet?
The physical network includes:
- the data link layer and
- the physical layer
handling data transfer and transmission of data bits.
______ manage network traffic and gauge the most efficient path for packet delivery. and how do they achieve this?
Routers
- since they are privy to both the packet source and packet destination.
Name two transport layer protocols.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
What is the role of the data link layer in physical networks?
The data link layer controls data transfer between neighboring nodes.
Give examples of physical networks mentioned in the document.
Ethernet, ATM network, and the 3G mobile HSDPA.
How do transport layer protocols use IP?
They use IP to provide standardized, end-to-end communication support that facilitates the navigation of data packets across the Internet.
What is the role of application layer protocols?
Application layer protocols standardize and enable specific data packet transferring methods over the Internet.
List some application layer protocols mentioned in the document.
HTTP, SMTP for e-mail, BitTorrent for P2P, and SIP for IP telephony.
application layer protocols interact with transport layer protocols using _______
transport layer protocols like TCP/IP or UDP to transfer data packets
How do end-user devices access data centers in on-premise models?
Through the corporate network, which provides uninterrupted Internet connectivity.
What are the advantages of on-premise deployment models?
Organizations can directly access network traffic, safeguard their networks using firewalls, and have complete control over IT resources.
What determines end-to-end bandwidth in networks?
The transmission capacity of shared data links that connect intermediary nodes.
What technologies do ISPs use to guarantee end-to-end connectivity?
Broadband network technology.
What is latency in the context of networks?
Latency / delay is the amount of time it takes a packet to travel from one data node to another.
What is “best effort” quality-of-service (QoS) in packet networks?
Packets are transmitted on a first-come/first-serve basis without prioritization.
leading to potential service-level degradation [ latency or packet loss]
Why is bandwidth critical for cloud applications?
Bandwidth is essential for transferring substantial amounts of data to and from the cloud.
Why is latency critical for certain applications?
Latency is critical for applications that require swift response times.
What is mobile edge computing (MEC)?
An enabling technology for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) that shares processing capabilities across vehicles.
How do wireless and cellular networks overcome bandwidth and latency restrictions?
By adapting or evolving their technologies to integrate into cloud-based solutions.
Why is QoS management challenging across multiple ISPs?
It requires collaboration among cloud carriers to ensure sufficient end-to-end service levels.
What determines Internet connections between cloud consumers and providers?
The ISPs on both ends, which are usually different and therefore include multiple ISP networks in their paths.
________ may be required to achieve necessary connectivity and reliability for cloud applications?
The use of multiple cloud carriers.
What are modern data centers used for?
Modern data centers house centralized IT resources like servers, databases, and networking devices.
Explain the concept of autonomic computing.
Autonomic computing enables a system to be self-managing, reacting to external input without human intervention.
What are some features of self-management in autonomic computing?
Self-configuration,
self-optimization,
self-healing,
self-protecting.
_______ ensures business continuity by providing redundant power supplies, cabling, and load-balancing communication links in data centers
high availability
What are the key security requirements for data centers?
Physical access controls:
Logical access controls:
Data recovery strategies:
_________ are custom-designed locations that are outfitted with specialized computing, storage, and network equipment.
Data center facilities
________ server technologies Allow servers to be replaced or upgraded without shutting down the system.
blade server technologies
Rack server technologies Enable dense server configurations with shared resources.
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What technologies are involved in data center storage systems?
Hard disk arrays
I/O caching
Hot-swappable disks
Storage virtualization
What is the difference between SAN and NAS storage systems?
SAN: Provides block-level data storage through a dedicated network, using protocols like SCSI.
NAS: Provides file-level data storage accessible over a network, using protocols like NFS or SMB.
List data center five network subsystems
Carrier and External Networks Interconnection
Web-Tier Load Balancing and Acceleration
LAN Fabric
SAN Fabric
NAS Gateways
