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Cloud Computing > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the concept of utility computing as proposed by John McCarthy in 1961?

A

Utility computing is the idea that computing resources can be organized as a public utility, similar to the telephone system.

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2
Q

Which company pioneered remotely provisioned services into the enterprise in 1999?

A

Salesforce.com pioneered remotely provisioned services into the enterprise.

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3
Q

What is the significance of the term “Network Cloud” introduced in the early 1990s?

A

“Network Cloud” referred to an abstraction layer in data delivery methods across heterogeneous networks, influencing utility computing.

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4
Q

What are the five essential characteristics of cloud computing according to NIST?

A

on-demand self-service,
broad network access,
resource pooling,
rapid elasticity, and
measured service.

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5
Q

What are some primary business drivers for cloud computing?

A

cost reduction
business agility
Technology Innovations

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6
Q

How does cloud computing contribute to cost reduction for businesses?

A

By offering scalable and on-demand IT resources, cloud computing allows businesses to pay only for what they use.

  • reducing the need for large upfront investments and minimizing operational overhead.
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7
Q

List some common forms of infrastructure-related operating overhead.

A

Technical personnel,
upgrades and patches,
utility bills,
security and access control measures, and administrative staff for tracking licenses.

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8
Q

What is business agility in the context of cloud computing?

A

Business agility refers to an organization’s ability to adapt and evolve in response to internal and external changes.

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9
Q

Explain the concept of clustering in cloud computing.

A

Clustering involves grouping independent IT resources to work as a single system, increasing reliability and availability through redundancy.

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10
Q

What is the main difference between clustering and grid computing?

A

Clustering involves tightly coupled systems with similar hardware and operating systems.

while grid computing involves loosely coupled, geographically dispersed and heterogeneous resources.

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11
Q

What is capacity planning?

A

Capacity planning is the process of determining and fulfilling future IT resource demands to balance efficiency and performance.

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12
Q

What are the three strategies of capacity planning?

A

Lead Strategy,
Lag Strategy, and
Match Strategy.

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13
Q

________ strategy involves adding capacity in anticipation of an increase in demand.

A

The lead strategy

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14
Q

What is the lag strategy in capacity planning?

A

The lag strategy involves adding capacity only after the organization is running at full capacity or beyond due to increased demand.

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15
Q

What is the match strategy in capacity planning?

A

The match strategy involves closely monitoring demand and adding capacity in small increments to keep pace with changes in demand.

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16
Q

Define virtualization in the context of cloud computing.

A

Virtualization is the process of converting physical IT resources into virtual resources to be shared by multiple users.

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17
Q

What is the role of a hypervisor in virtualization?

A

A hypervisor is virtualization software that allows physical servers to provide multiple virtual images, managing virtual machines.

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18
Q

A hypervisor is also known as a _______

A

virtual machine monitor (VMM)

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19
Q

How did traditional virtualization technologies influence modern cloud computing?

A

Traditional virtualization technologies inspired many core features of cloud computing, such as resource pooling, scalability, and the ability to provide on-demand computing resources.

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20
Q

What is containerization?

A

Containerization is a virtualization technology that allows for the creation of lightweight, optimized virtual environments called containers.

without the need for separate virtual servers for each solution.

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21
Q

What are serverless environments?

A

Serverless environments are operational runtimes where developers do not need to deploy or manage servers, as the environment automatically manages the application deployment and scaling.

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22
Q

What is a cloud as defined in the document?

A

A cloud is an IT environment designed for remotely provisioning scalable and measured IT resources.

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23
Q

What is the historical metaphor behind the term “cloud”?

A

The term “cloud” originated as a metaphor for the Internet, symbolizing a network of networks providing remote access to IT resources.

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24
Q

How does a cloud differ from the Internet?

A

A cloud is a private environment with a finite boundary and metered access,

whereas the Internet provides open access to web-based resources.

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25
Q

What are IT resources in the context of cloud computing?

A

An IT resource can be a physical or virtual artifact, such as a server, storage device, network, or software program, that provides IT capabilities.

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26
Q

What is the significance of a virtual machine (VM)?

A

A VM is a virtualized server that operates independently of the physical server, allowing multiple virtual servers to run on a single physical host.

27
Q

What are the two primary influences on modern cloud-based technology?

A

The two primary influences are business drivers and pre-existing technologies like clustering and grid computing.

28
Q

What is the role of middleware in grid computing?

A

Middleware in grid computing provides a layer that manages:
- workload distribution,
- fail-over controls, and
- autonomic configuration,

enabling a distributed computing environment.

29
Q

What is meant by the term “cloud symbol”?

A

The cloud symbol is used in diagrams to represent the boundary of a cloud environment, distinguishing it from the broader Internet.

30
Q

What are the common types of IT resources that can be virtualized?

A

Common types include servers, storage devices, networks, and power distribution units.

31
Q

What is the importance of redundancy and failover in clustering?

A

Redundancy and failover in clustering enhance system availability and reliability by ensuring that if one component fails, another can take over.

32
Q

What is the purpose of a virtual machine monitor (VMM)?

A

The VMM or hypervisor manages the creation and execution of virtual machines, allocating physical hardware resources to them as needed.

33
Q

What are the primary components of the NIST cloud model?

A

The primary components are:
- five essential characteristics,
- three service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), and
- four deployment models (private, public, community, hybrid).

34
Q

What are the five essential characteristics of the NIST cloud model?

A
  • on-demand self-service,
  • broad network access,
  • resource pooling,
  • rapid elasticity, and
  • measured service.
35
Q

What is the role of a guest operating system in virtualization?

A

A guest operating system runs on a virtual server and is independent of the physical server’s operating system.

36
Q

Explain the concept of a “super virtual computer” in grid computing.

A

A “super virtual computer” refers to a grid computing system where pooled resources provide high-performance computing power.

37
Q

What defines an on-premise IT resource, and how does it differ from a cloud-based resource?

A

An on-premise IT resource is hosted within the organizational boundary, typically on the company’s own servers.

It differs from a cloud-based resource in that it is not hosted on the internet or managed by a third-party cloud provider.

38
Q

Can an on-premise IT resource interact with a cloud-based IT resource? If so, how?

A

Yes, an on-premise IT resource can access and interact with a cloud-based IT resource through network connections.

39
Q

What transformation occurs when an on-premise IT resource is moved to the cloud?

A

it becomes a cloud-based IT resource. This typically involves migrating data and applications to cloud servers,

40
Q

Who is responsible for providing cloud-based IT resources, and what is their role?

A

A cloud provider is responsible for providing cloud-based IT resources.

Their role includes:

managing the infrastructure,
ensuring service availability,
maintaining security, and
offering services to cloud consumers.

41
Q

In the context of cloud computing, who is considered a cloud consumer, and what do they do?

A

A cloud consumer is the party that uses cloud-based IT resources.

This can be an individual, organization, or software application that accesses cloud services

42
Q

What does scaling mean in cloud computing, and why is it important?

A

Scaling in cloud computing refers to the ability of an IT resource to handle increased or decreased usage demands.

It is important because it allows businesses to efficiently manage resources based on current needs,

43
Q

Can you explain horizontal scaling and how it benefits cloud environments?

A

Horizontal scaling involves adding or removing IT resources of the same type, such as additional servers or storage units.

This approach, also known as scaling out or scaling in

benefits : on-demand capacity adjustment

44
Q

How does vertical scaling work?

A

Vertical scaling involves replacing an existing IT resource with another that has higher or lower capacity.

This process, known as scaling up or scaling down

45
Q

Why is vertical scaling less common in cloud environments compared to horizontal scaling?

A

Vertical scaling is less common because it typically requires downtime to replace or upgrade the resource, which can disrupt services.

Horizontal scaling is preferred as it allows for seamless addition or removal of resources without affecting ongoing operations.

46
Q

What exactly is a cloud service, and how is it accessed?

A

A cloud service is any IT resource made remotely accessible via a cloud.

It can be accessed through the internet using web interfaces, APIs, or client applications

47
Q

________ plays a crucial role in defining the expectations between the cloud provider and the consumer.

A

An SLA, or Service-Level Agreement,

48
Q

An SLA, what information does it typically contain?

A

contains details about :
service performance,
uptime guarantees,
support response times, and
penalties for service breaches,

49
Q

Can you name benefits of cloud computing for organizations?

A

increased responsiveness.
Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs
Increased Scalability
Increased Availability and Reliability

50
Q

explain Cloud computing’s benefit of increased responsiveness.

A

Cloud computing allows businesses to quickly scale resources, deploy applications, and adapt to changing demands, making them more agile and responsive to market needs.

51
Q

How does leveraging cloud platforms Reduce Investments and Proportional Costs

A

organizations can offload the maintenance of physical hardware, software updates, and security patches to cloud providers.

This reduction in infrastructure maintenance allows internal IT teams to focus on strategic initiatives rather than routine upkeep.

52
Q

In what ways does cloud computing reduce up-front IT investments for businesses?

A

by allowing businesses to lease computing resources on a pay-as-you-go basis.

This eliminates the need for large capital expenditures on hardware and software, making it easier to manage cash flow and budget for IT expenses.

53
Q

What is meant by the “pay-as-you-go” model in cloud computing?

A

The “pay-as-you-go” model in cloud computing refers to billing consumers based on their actual usage of computing resources.

54
Q

How does cloud computing create the perception of having unlimited computing resources?

A

by enabling on-demand scalability.

Businesses can quickly add or remove resources as needed without worrying about the limitations of their own infrastructure, thus avoiding over-provisioning and underutilization.

55
Q

In what ways does cloud computing offer finer control over IT resources compared to traditional setups?

A

Cloud computing offers finer control over IT resources by allowing precise adjustments in resource allocation in small increments, such as:

increasing storage space or
computing power.

56
Q

What is meant by the elasticity of IT resources in cloud computing, and why is it beneficial?

A

refers to the ability to dynamically scale IT resources up or down based on demand.

This flexibility is beneficial as it ensures that resources are available when needed,

57
Q

What are the Risks and Challenges of cloud computing

A
  1. Increased Vulnerability Due to Overlapping Trust Boundaries
  2. Increased Vulnerability Due to Shared Security Responsibility
  3. Increased Exposure to Cyber Threats
  4. Reduced Operational Governance Control
  5. Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers
  6. Multi-Regional Compliance and Legal Issues
  7. Cost Overruns
58
Q

explain how increased vulnerability due to overlapping trust boundaries impact organizations

A

This can impact organizations by exposing sensitive data and applications to potential security breaches if proper safeguards are not in place.

59
Q

Why might cloud computing increase exposure to cyber threats

A

due to the higher volume of digital interactions and the broader attack surface.

60
Q

what can organizations do to mitigate this cyber attack risks

A

by implementing robust security measures:

encryption,
access controls, and
continuous monitoring.

61
Q

What is a shared security responsibility model in cloud computing, and how does it work?

A

A shared security responsibility model in cloud computing outlines the division of security responsibilities between the cloud provider and the cloud consumer.

Typically, the provider manages the security of the cloud infrastructure.

while the consumer is responsible for securing their data, applications, and access controls.

62
Q

How can organizations mitigate governance control risks when adopting cloud computing?

A

By :
establishing clear legal contracts,
setting up comprehensive SLAs,
conducting regular technology inspections, &
continuously monitoring cloud services

63
Q

What is a common financial benefit of adopting cloud computing for businesses?

A

The reduction of up-front capital expenditures.

Businesses can avoid large initial investments in hardware and software by using cloud services

Cloud Computing (3 decks)

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