Chapter 3

Question 1

Values

Answer 1

abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable.

Question 2

Norms

Answer 2

the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behaviour in particular situations.

Question 3

Society

Answer 3

refers to a group of people who share a common set of values and norms.

Question 4

What forms the bedrock of culture?

Answer 4

Values, they provide the context within which a society’s norms are established and justified.

Question 5

Folkways

Answer 5

routine conventions of everyday life

e.g., attitudes toward time in different countries
- People are very time conscious in Canada, they tend to arrive early for business appointments.
- When invited to a party, arriving just on time or a few minutes late is polite

Question 6

Mores

Answer 6

Mores are norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life.

Question 7

Determinants of Culture

Answer 7

• Religion
• Political Philosophy
• Economic Philosophy
• Education
• Language
• Social Structure

Question 8

Social Structure

Answer 8

refers to a society’s basic social organization. consists of many different aspects.

• Individuals & Groups
• Social Stratification
• Social Mobility

Question 9

Caste System

Answer 9

a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born.

Change in that position is usually not possible during an individual’s lifetime.

Question 10

Class System

Answer 10

a less rigid form of social stratification in which social mobility is possible.

a class system is a form of open stratification in which the position a person has by borth can be canged through their own achievements and/or luck

Question 11

Class Consciousness

Answer 11

refers to people perceiving themselves in terms of their class background, which shapes their relationships with members of other classes.

Question 12

Business Implication of Social Structure

Answer 12

stratification of a society is significant if it affects the operation of business organizations

Question 13

Language

Answer 13

• Spoken (language barriers)
• Unspoken (e.g., making a circle with the thumb and the forefinger is a friendly gesture in Canada, but is is a vulgar sexual invitation in Greece and Turkey)

Question 14

5 Dimensions

Answer 14

1. Power Distance
2. Uncertainty Avoidance
3. Individualism vs Collectivism
4. Masculinity vs Femininity
5. Long-term vs short-term orientation

Question 15

Power Distance

Answer 15

Hofstede’s power distance dimension focused on how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities.

High power distance cultures were found in countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power and wealth.

Question 16

Individualism vs Collectivism

Answer 16

• individualistic societies: loose ties between individuals + achievement and freedom were highly valued.
• collectivist societies: strong ties + people are born into collectives

Question 17

Uncertainty Avoidance

Answer 17

Hofstede’s uncertainty avoidance dimension measured the extent to which different cultured socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty.

Question 18

Masculinity vs Femininity

Answer 18

Masculine cultures: sex roles are sharply differentiated and traditional “masculine values”, such as achievement and the effective exercise of power, determined cultural ideals.

Feminine cultures: sex roles were less sharrply distinguished, and little differentiation was made between men and women in the same job.

Question 19

Long-term vs short-term orientation

Answer 19

• Values associated with long-term orientation are thrift and perseverance
• Values associated with short-term orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one’s “face”.

Question 20

Confucian Dynamism

Answer 20

Theory that Confucian teachings affect attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favours.