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Speech Science > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Vibration / Oscillation

A

Back-and-forth motion of a mass; alternating compressions and rarefactions of air molecules in a sound pressure wave.

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2
Q

Equilibrium

A

Balance of opposing forces.

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3
Q

Restorative Force

A

Force that restores a mass or medium to its prior, undistorted position.

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4
Q

Displacement Force

A

Force that moves a mass or medium away from its position of equilibrium.

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5
Q

Mechanical Waves

A

Waves requiring a medium to transport energy, e.g., waves in a pond, air, or train track.

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6
Q

Pulse Wave

A

Simplest wave; a single disturbance traveling through a medium.

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7
Q

Sound Waves

A

Consist of a series of pressure
disturbances composed of alternating
compressions and rarefactions of air
molecules

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8
Q

Compressions

A

The collisions of air molecules resulting in regions of increased density and air pressure - more potential energy

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9
Q

Rarefactions

A

Regions of decreased density and air pressure in an acoustic pressure wave - more kinetic energy

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10
Q

Longitudinal Wave

A

Waves where particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the wave.

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11
Q

Simple Harmonic Motion or Uniform Circular Motion

A

Upward and downward oscillation which continues unchanged through each cycle of vibration.

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12
Q

Sinusoidal Wave or Sine Wave

A

A representation of uniform circular motion because circular motion can be represented mathematically by the sine and cosine of an angle.

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13
Q

Frequency, expressed as Hz

A

Cycles per second; the rate at which the particles vibrate back and forth each second.

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14
Q

Phase

A

The point in a cycle at which the waveform begins.

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15
Q

Period (t)

A

The duration of a cycle of vibration; it is the reciprocal of the frequency.

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16
Q

Amplitude

A

The maximum extent of a vibration measured from the point of equilibrium.

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17
Q

Intensity

A

Power per unit area, expressed in Watts (W).

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18
Q

Inverse Square Relationship

A

Whatever factor by which the distance is increased, the intensity is decreased by a factor equal to the square of the distance change factor.

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19
Q

Logarithmic Scales

A

Nonlinear scales that easily permit management of large ranges of data, such as the scale of human hearing.

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20
Q

Decibel

A

One-tenth of a bel; a unit named after the Scottish American scientist Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone.

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21
Q

Wavelength (λ)

A

The distance traveled by one cycle of vibration - one cycle of alternating rarefaction and compression air molecules.

22
Q

Pitch

A

The perceptual correlate of frequency.

23
Q

Loudness

A

The perceptual correlate of intensity.

24
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of the relationship between the physical properties of a stimulus and our subjective experience of the stimulus.

25
Q

Difference Limen or Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

The minimal difference between two sounds that can be perceived as having different loudness levels. Commonly, the difference limen is 1 dB. However, for very loud sounds, the JND drops to approximately one-third to one-half dB.

26
Q

Phon Scale

A

A psychoacoustic scale for intensity which uses 1000-Hz pure tone as the reference frequency and is measured in phons.

27
Q

Phons

A

The unit of equal loudness.

28
Q

Minimum Audibility Curve

A

Represents the intensities that are at the absolute threshold of hearing for young people (as hearing acuity decreases with age) and is also considered to be what is called audiometric zero.

29
Q

Audiometric Zero

A

0 dB HL, measuring in units of hearing level.

30
Q

Sone Scale (NOT needed for SLPs)

A

A psychoacoustic scale for intensity that was created as a linear scale of loudness and derives from orchestral music.

31
Q

Semitone Scale

A

A chromatic scale - a Western cultural musical scale that consists of 12 tones. Each tone, or pitch, is separated from its neighbor by a semitone.

32
Q

Semitone

A

The interval of one half-step.

33
Q

Pure Tone

A

The audible result of simple harmonic motion and its graphic representation, the sine wave.

34
Q

Complex Sound

A

Made up of two or more sine waves of different frequency.

35
Q

Fundamental Frequency (o)

A

The lowest frequency of a complex periodic or nearly periodic tone.

36
Q

Periodic Sound

A

Consists of regularly repeating cycles of alternating compressions and rarefactions; a complex sound wave in which the component sine waves all have a mathematical relationship between them said to be a complex periodic sound.

37
Q

Nearly Periodic or Quasiperiodic

A

A sound wave that is almost but not completely periodic, such as the voice acoustic pressure wave.

38
Q

Power Spectrum

A

A plot of the power (energy per unit of time) of given frequencies of a sound.

39
Q

Fourier Analysis

A

A set of mathematical functions that permit analysis of the individual sine waves of the complex acoustic pressure wave.

40
Q

Line Spectrum

A

A graphical display of the energy at discrete frequencies of a sound wave.

41
Q

Aperiodic Sounds

A

Irregular, in that no regularly repeating cycles occur and no mathematical relationship exists between component frequencies. (ocean waves, wind, traffic)

42
Q

Spectral Envelope

A

The upper border of the amplitudes of the frequency component of a power spectrum of a periodic or aperiodic sound.

43
Q

Continuous Spectrum

A

A power spectrum of an aperiodic sound and displays the spectral envelope of the frequency components of a sound wave.

44
Q

Resonance

A

A large increase in the amplitude of a vibration when a force is applied at a natural frequency of an object or medium.

45
Q

Standing Wave

A

An interference pattern in which a wave appears to stand still.

46
Q

Nodes

A

The lowest points of amplitude in a standing wave; the particles have the smallest amplitude.

47
Q

Antinodes

A

The highest points of amplitude in the center of a standing wave; the particles have the largest amplitude of movement.

48
Q

Modes of Vibration

A

Patterns of vibration, each associated with its own frequency.

49
Q

Free Vibration

A

Vibration occurring when an object or medium is allowed to vibrate freely after an initial disturbance.

50
Q

Forced Vibration

A

Vibration driven by an outside source that is itself an oscillator.

51
Q

Acoustic Resonator

A

Partially or completely enclosed container with air inside that is vibrating.

52
Q

Mechanical Resonator

A

Works by transferring energy repeatedly from kinetic to potential form and back again.

Speech Science (5 decks)

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